Organizations Involved in Holocaust Rescue - Part 5 (J-N)
A-B C-D E-H I J-N O-R S T-V W-Z
Note: +arrested; †tortured; *killed; ●Righteous Among the Nations (honored by the State of Israel)
Professor Jozef Jaksy Rescue Operation, Bratislava, Slovakia (Gutman, 2007, pp. 434-435, 449-450)
Hid and protected Jews in Bratislava Hospital during the German occupation of Slovakia. Worked with Jewish “Working Group” underground activist Gisi Fleischman.
Professor Jozef Jaksy●, Director of Urology, Bratislava Hospital
Dr. Juraj Csiky●
Japanese Consulate, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1939-1941, see Dutch Consulate, Kovno, Lithuania
Chiune Sugihara● (1900-1986), Consul for Japan in Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1939-1940
Chiune Sugihara, Vice Consul for Japan in Kovno, Lithuania, issued transit visas to thousands of Polish Jews stranded in Lithuania. He issued these visas between July 27 and August 28, 1940. Sugihara asked for and obtained an extension to remain in Kovno for an extra 20 days from the occupying Soviet government officials. He even issued visas as his train was leaving Kovno for his next assignment. He issued the visas against the express orders of his government. These orders explicitly stated that he was not to issue visas to refugees who did not have proper documentation and funds to travel through Japan. Most of the Jewish refugees met neither requirement. The Japanese transit visas allowed the refugees to escape from Lithuania through the Soviet Union to Kobe, Japan. From there, many were able to escape to the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and Palestine. About 1,000 refugees survived the war in Shanghai, China. In 1947, he was forced to resign from the Japanese diplomatic service. He always believed this was for his actions in Lithuania. Sugihara was declared Righteous Among the Nations by the State of Israel in 1984. He died in 1985. In 2001, the Japanese government apologized to Sugihara’s family for not recognizing his heroic actions sooner. (Levine, Hillel. In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked His Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. (New York: Free Press, 1996). Sugihara, Yukiko, translated by Hiroki Sugihara with Anne Akabori, edited by Lani Silver and Eric Saul. Visas for Life. (South San Francisco:Edu-Comm Plus, 1993). Sakamoto, Pamela R. Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 1264, 1280, 1423-1424, 1596 ill. Zuroff, Efraim. “Attempts to obtain Shanghai permits in 1941: A case of rescue priority during the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Studies, 13 (1979), 321-351.)
Helped by:
Pozdniakov, Soviet Consul in Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1940
The Russian consul in Kovno, Lithuania, Pozdniakov, obtained agreement from Soviet officials to allow Jewish refugees holding a “Sauf-Conduits” (safe conduct pass) for stateless persons to emigrate and escape through the USSR. This agreement was signed and proclaimed in Lithuania on April 22, 1940. Japanese consul Chiune Sugihara helped convince Pozdniakov to allow this escape to take place. (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 116.)
Jan Zwartendijk●, Acting Dutch Consul in Kovno, Lithuania, 1940
Zwartendijk was the honorary Dutch Consul in Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania. He was the representative of the Phillips electronics company in Lithuania. He is credited with devising and pioneering the use of the “Curacao visa” in early July 1940. Zwartendijk issued end visas to the destinations of Curacao and Surinam, Dutch island possessions in the Caribbean. He is credited with saving thousands of lives. Jewish survivors nicknamed him “the Angel of Curacao.” Zwartendijk died in 1975. In 1997, he was awarded the Righteous Among the Nations honor by Yad Vashem. (Levine, Hillel. In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked His Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. (New York: Free Press, 1996), pp. 3, 146, 200-201, 231-235, 260. Sakamoto, Pamela R. Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). Zuroff, Efraim. “Attempts to obtain Shanghai permits in 1941: A case of rescue priority during the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Studies, 13 (1979), 321-351.)
Jarok, Village of, Nitra District, Slovakia (Gutman, 2007, p. cvi)
Tokoly Family●
Father Dr. Stefan Galló● (Catholic)
Jesuit College in Budapest, Hungary (Braham, 1981; Gutman, 2007)
Father Jacob Raile
Jeunesse Ouvrier Catholique (JOC), see Catholic Workers Youth, Belgium
Jeunesse Ouvrière Chrétienne (JOC), France (Moore, 2010, pp. 118, 130, 286-287)
Abbé (Father) Folliet+*, chaplain, Haute-Savoie, Cloisters, Annecy (Moore, 2010, p. 130)
Abbé (Father) Jean-Joseph Rosay+*, Curé at Douvaine (Gutman; Moore, 2010, p. 130)
Joseph Lançon+* (Moore, 2010, p. 130)
François Périllat+* (Moore, 2010, p. 130)
Jewish-Christian Aid Committee (Commitato di Assistenza Protughi; Refugee Assistance Committee), Florence, Italy, see also DELASEM (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 401, 402)
Saved hundreds of Jews who had fled from France to Italy. Rescue and aid operation was financed by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC). Money was smuggled in by DELASEM couriers from Switzerland.
Rabbi Nathan Cassuto+, leader (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 401-402; Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 251, 255, 384n30)
Monsignor Bartoletti+, rector, Seminary Minore, Florence, Italy, arrested by authorities on December 8, 1943 (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 255, 385n30)
Father Leto Cassini●+ (b. 1902), parish priest, Varlungo, Florence, Italy, Jewish-Christian Aid Committee, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 372, 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 252-254, 256, 258, 322)
Father Cipriano Ricotti●, Dominican friar, San Marco Monastary, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 26, 1982 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 252-253, 384n10, 385n25)
Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa, Archbishop of Genoa, Italy, Jewish-Christian Aid Committee (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 251-252, 256, 275)
Father Giulio Facibeni● (b. 1884), director Maddonnina del Grippa Orphanage, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 2, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 376, 401-402)
Monsignor Giacomo Meneghello, secretary to Cardinal Dalla Costa, liaison to Jewish Christian Aid Committee (Zuccotti, 2000, p. 252)
Father Giovani Simioni●, chaplain, Santo Spirito Convent in Verlungo, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 372-373, 401-402)
Father Angelo Dalla Torre●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 372-373, 401-402)
Father Giuseppe de Zotti●, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 372-373)
Mother Superior Sandra Businelli●, Missionary Sisters of Maria Convent, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 31, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 359-361, 402)
Mother Maria Folcia●, Institito di Santa Maria Settignano, near Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 360)
Mother Sandra Vespignani●, Missionary Sisters of Maria Convent, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 13, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 359-361, 402; Zuccotti, 2000, p. 253)
Matilde Cassin, DELASEM, worked with Father Ricotti to hide Jewish children (Zuccotti, 2000, p. 252)
Hans Kahlberg+ (Jewish), arrested, deported to Auschwitz January 30, 1944, survived (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 255, 385n29)
Luciana Lascar+* (Jewish), arrested and sent to Auschwitz, January 30, 1944, murdered there (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 255, 385n29)
Wanda Lascar+* (Jewish), arrested and sent to Auschwitz, January 30, 1944, murdered there (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 255, 385n29)
Leonilda Pancani●+ (d. 1982), mother to three children, worked with Jewish-Christian Aid Committee, hid Jews in her home during German occupation of Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title February 11, 1999 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 393-394, 402)
Joseph Ziegler+* (Jewish), philanthropist, donated one million lire for Jewish aid and resue, deported to and murdered in Auschwitz, January 31, 1944
Jewish Defense Committee (Comité de Defense des Juifs en Belgique; CDJ; Joodsch Verdedigings-Komiteit; JVK), Belgium, see also Independence Front (FI), National Children’s Committee (ONE; YV M31/7474, Comité de Defense Juifs; Brachfeld, 1997; Delpard, 1993; Garfinkels, n.d.; Gutman, 2005; Michman, 1998; Saerens, 1998; Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Non-Jewish participants:
Yvonne Névejean●, CDJ, ONE (Gutman, 2005)
Andrée Geulen● (Gutman, 2005)
Father (Abbé) Joseph André●, L’Aide Chrétienne aux Israelites (ACI; Gutman, 2005)
Paul Renard-Andriesse● (Gutman, 2005)
Pieter Audenardt● (Gutman, 2005)
Victorine Audenardt-Plasschaert● (Gutman, 2005)
Germain C. Vanit Hoff Audenardt● (Gutman, 2005)
Charles Berhin●, assistant to Father André (Gutman, 2005)
Eucher● (Gutman, 2005)
Emile Hambresin
Flore Leroy● (Gutman, 2005)
Jewish Members:
Hertz (Joseph/Ghert) Jospa
Hava (Yvonne) Jospa
Abusz (Abouse) Werber, Poale Zione (Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Israël (Maurice) Mandelbaum, Solidarité Juive (Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Chaim Perelman, professor, Free Univeristy, Brussels (Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Benjamin (Benno) Nykerk (Stinberg, 1973, 1998)
Edourd Rotkel, secretary, Jewish Community, Brussels, Belgium (Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Eugene Hellendael, Brussels (Steinberg, 1973, 1998)
Roger Van Praag, Secours d’Hiver (Winter Help)
David Ferdman, CDJ, finances (Steinberg, 1998, p. 75)
Ida Sterno (Jeanne), social worker
Fela Perelman
Maurice Heiber (Héber), head, Children’s Section
Suzanne Moons-Lepetit (Brigitte), Children’s Section (YV M31/7474, CDJ)
Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), Warsaw Ghetto, Poland (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 51)
Maria Jiruska Rescue Organization/Network, Warsaw, Poland (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 241-242; Berman, p. 8)
A Jewish survivor H.C. testified: During the occupation she became extremely active as a teacher, scout, member of the resistance movement and the like. She took a direct and heroic part in rescuing at least 100 Jews. She was helped by her sister, Stefania Niezabitowska, her brother-in-law, Edward N., and, in particular cases, by various people of good will, some of them tenants of the house in which she lived.” (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 242)
Maria Jiruska
Maria Jiruska was a school teacher and member of the Polish Girl Scouts. Helped rescue numerous Jews around Warsaw Ghetto.
Stefania Niezabitowska, sister of Maria Jiruska (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 241-242)
Edward N., brother-in-law of Maria Jiruska (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 242)
Pastor Jean Jousselin Rescue Network, Montmartre, France (YV M31/1670; Jean Jousselin; Cohen, 2000, pp. 112-114; Yahil, 2005, p. 530)
Paston Jean Jousselin ran a youth center in the Southern zone that was used to hide Jews and provide documents for them. Jousselin was relieved from his position for helping Jews. He was later assigned by the Mission Populaire Evangélique in Paris to establish a summer home for youth. He again used this opportunity to take Jewish youth out of the city to a scout camp, Cappy-Maison, near Verberie in the Oise District, where they were protected. He helped 135 youth, including 87 Jews.
Pastor Jean Jousselin● (Gutman, 2003, p. 137)
Jyllandskorps (Persson, 2009, pp. 40-41)
Resistance and rescue organization that was established to rescue Danish and Norwegian prisoners from German concentration camps.
KAJ, see Kristelijke Arbeidersjeund, Netherlands
Kampfgruppe Auschwitz, see Auschwitz Fighting Group
Jan Karski Mission (Karski, 1999; Gutman, 1990, pp. 10, 481, 787, 1749.
Polish diplomat-courier Jan Karski was a witness to the conditions in the Warsaw ghetto and the Izbica camp near the Belzec death camp. Karski prepared written eyewitness accounts of the German atrocities in Nazi occupied Poland. Later, he was smuggled out of Poland and into the United States, where he reported to US Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. Frankfurter arranged for Karski to report to President Roosevelt. Frankfurter was skeptical of the report: “I did not say that he was lying, I said that I could not believe him. There is a difference.” Karski gave hundreds of talks to organizations all over the United States and Great Britain to bring pressure to intervene to save Jews from the Holocaust. Karski was declared a Righteous Among the Nations in 1975 and made an honorary citizen of the state of Israel.
Katholieke Arbeidersjeugd (KAJ), see Catholic Workers Youth, Belgium
Katholiek Bureau voor Israël (KBI; Moore, 2010, pp. 170, 206)
Dr. Franz Kaufmann Rescue Network, Germany, Dahlem Community of the Confessing Church, rescue and relief group that hid, sheltered, fed and clothed Jews, and protected them from arrest and deportation
Dr. Franz Kaufmann● (converted Jew), executed, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Helene Jacobs● (b. 1906), wife of Dr. Franz Kaufmann, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
KBI, see Katholiek Bureau voor Israël, Belgium (Moore, 2010, pp. 170, 206)
Kerkhofs Rescue Network, see Monsignor (Bishop) Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs Rescue Network
Monsignor (Bishop) Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs Rescue Network, Liège, Namur (Namen) Province, Belgium, see also André Rescue Network, Ven den Berg Rescue Network, Meunier Rescue Network, Boufflette Rescue Network, L’Aide Chrétienne aux Israelites (ACI; Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 36-37, 156, 252-253)
Rescue operation headed by Monsignor/Bishop Louis Joseph Kerkhofs (Catholic) and Father (Abbé) Joseph André in the Namur (Namen) Province of Belgium. Saved Jewish children and adults.
Monsignor (Bishop) Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs●, leader, Bishop of Liège, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 151)
Father (Abbé) Joseph André●, leader, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 36-37)
Albert van den Berg●, lawyer, head of Van den Berg Rescue Network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 252-253)
Father Hubert Celis●+, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 63-64)
Father Joseph Celis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 64-65)
Bona Celis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 64)
Lucy Celis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 64)
Father Louis Celis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 64-65)
Georges Fonsney● (layperson), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Father André Meunier, professor, Catholic Grand Seminary, Liège, network leader (Gutman, 2005, p. 186)
Father Joseph Peeters●+*, killed by Germans (Gutman, 2005, pp. 169, 205)
Father Dom Bruno (Henri) Reynder● (b. 1903), Mont César, Louvain, major rescue organizer, led own rescue network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 218-219)
Kindertransport, see Movement for the Care of Children from Germany (MCCG), Great Britain, 1938-1939
Kiska Units (Kisegitö Karhatalmi Alakulatok), Auxiliary Force (Gutman, 2007, p. 219)
Lajos Gidófalvy●*, commander Kiska Unit No. XIII/I, Budapest, Hungary. Protected fugitive Jews by taking them into his Kiska Unit. The unit then protected Jews in the Pest Ghetto.
Dávid Grunfeld, Zionist Pioneering Underground (Jewish), was a member of the unit who was saved.
Kommunehospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (Lund, cited in Yahil, 1969, p. 487n63; Yahil, 1969, p. 242)
Dr. Steffen Lund, Eye Specialist, head
Komor Committee, see International Committee for the Care of European Refugees (IC), Shanghai, China
Kristelijke Arbeidersjeund (KAJ), Netherlands (Moore, 2010, p. 287)
Cardinal Cardijn, founder (Moore, 2010, p. 287)
Town of Kyustendil, Bulgaria (Todorov, 2001, pp. 9-10)
On March 8, 1943, a delegation of townspeople of Kyustendil, Bulgaria, went ot Sofia, Bulgaria, to protest the proposed arrest and deportation of Bulgarian Jews. Among them were Asen Suichmezov and Petar Mikhalev, deputy to the National Assembly. They met with Dimitar Peshev, vice chairman of th National Assembly, who was also from Kyustendil, Bulgaria.
Labor League for Human Rights, USA
La Clairiere, Paris, France, see also Paul Vergara Rescue and Relief Network (YV M31/3980, Vergara; Gutman, 2004)
Social and charitable center helped hide and shelter Jewish children durinhte German occupation of Paris. It was founded by Wilfrid Monod in 1911. It worked closely with Pastor Paul Vergara and his rescue and relief network, also in Paris. La Clairiere worked with the UGIF.
Wilfrid Monod, founder, head
Marcel Guillemont● (Gutman, 2004)
Pastor Paul Vergara● (Gutman, 2004)
La Famille du Prisonnier, France (Moore, 2010, p. 265)
Vichy organization that helped children by removing them from dangerous areas.
L’Aide Chrétienne aux Israélites (ACI), Liège (Luik), Episcopate of, Namur (Namen) Province, Belgium, Abbé Joseph André Rescue Network, see also Kerkhofs Rescue Network (Gutman, 2005, pp. xxxiv, xxviii, 39, 44-45; Moore, 2010, pp. 195, 283; Papeleux, 1980, 1981; Thyange, 1999)
Catholic underground rescue group founded by Father (Abbé) Joseph André● in Namur (Namen), Belgium. Hid and sheltered Jews in convents, schools and hospitals in Bellegem, Leffe, St. Marie in Bouverie, Benedictine Convent in Liège, Don Bosco Convent in Tournai, and his brother Jean Reynder’s home. Worked with Van den Berg-Kerkhof Rescue Network, CDJ, the Belgian Red Cross, the Winter Fund (HELP) and Father Bruno Reynders Rescue Network.
Father (Abbé) Joseph André●, leader, St. Jean Baptiste Parish, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Bishop Monsignor Louis-Joseph Kirkhofs●, Diocese of Liège, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Luik; Gutman, 2005)
Father Bruno Reynders (1903-1981), head of Reynders Network (Gutman, 2005, pp. 218-219; Papeleux, 1980, 1981)
Hubert Celis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 63-64)
Dr. Marcel●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Father Emille Boufflette●+*, murdered by Germans, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; (Gutman, 2005, pp. 52-53)
Father Joseph Peeters●+*, also worked in Bishop Kirkofs Rescue Network, murdered by Germans, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Fernand Arnould●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 39-40)
Nelly Arnould-Bayard●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 39-40)
Charles Berhin● (CDJ), assistant to Father André, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 44-45, 170)
Marchel Eucher●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 114-115, 170)
Anna (Wauthy) Eucher●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, 00. 114-115)
Flore Leroy●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 170)
Jean Reynders●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 219)
Mr. Vishnie (Jewish)
Father Marcel Camile Paternotte● (Army chaplain), member MNB underground resistance group, saved 25 Jews in Charleroi region (Gutman, 2005, pp. 203-204)
Lavergnat Rescue Network/Operation, Swiss/German border (Gutman, 2007, pp. 523-524), smuggled Jews into Switzerland
Arthur Lavergnat●, Swiss
Jeanne Lavergnat●, Swiss
Lazzarini Military Brigade (Banda Lazzarini), operating in area between Valcuvia and Valtravaglia in Varese Province, Italy (Gutman, 2007, p. 385)
Patrisan group saved refugee Jews during German occupation of September 1943 and October 7, 1944. Escorted Jews to Switzerland.
Colonel Dr. Giacinto
Domenico Lazzarini● (alias Fulvio Athatos; b. 1912), comander
Le Chambon sur Lignon, town of Haute Loire Province, Southern France, see also CIMADE (Comité Intermouvements Auprès des Évacues), AFSC, USC, YMCA, Czech Aid, etc. (Gutman, 2003; Halle, 1979; Ryan, 1996, pp. 11, 160, 220)
Pastor Charles Guillon, Mayor
Father Cyrille Argenti●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 40-41)
Madeleine Barot●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 57)
Gabrielle Barraud●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 58)
Georgette Barraud●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 58)
August Bohny●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Fiedel Bohny-Reiter
Lily (Russier) Boît (Gutman, 2003, p. 491)
Jean Bouix●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Marie Brottes●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Daniel Curtet●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Swiss) Fay-sur-Lignon (Gutman, 2003)
Roger Darcissal●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
François d’Allens DeCellery●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Edmond Evraud●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 231)
Léon Evraud●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 231)
Madam Françoise Evraud (CIMADE; Halle, 1979, pp. 127, 177-179, 185, 199, 296)
Pastor Charles Guillon●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Emma Héritier●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Eva Jouve●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
M. Jouve●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Bertha Kittler●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Joseph Lancon●+* (CIMADE), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 337)
Pastor Jean Séverin Lemaire●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Raoul Lhermet●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Liotard (CIMADE; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)
Simon Mairesse● Mazet-Saint-Voy, Service André, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Halle, 1979, pp. 155, 163, 250)
Jacqueline Martin● (CIMADE), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 378-379)
Pastor Jacques Martin● (CIMADE), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 378-379)
Jean May●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Eugenie Mettenet●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Francois Périllat●+* (CIMADE) , awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Hubert Meyer●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 396-397)
Jean Ollivier●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 414)
Nancy Ollivier●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 414)
Hermine Orsi●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 416)
George Perrod (CIMADE)
Mireille Phillip●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Pierre Piton●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Elie Russier●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 491)
Marie Russier (Gutman, 2003, p. 491)
Pastor Edouard Theis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003; Halle, 1979)
Mildred Theis●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Halle, 1979)
Pastor André Trocmé●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Halle, 1979)
Daniel Trocmé●*, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Halle, 1979)
Magda Trocmé●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Halle, 1979)
Juliette Usach●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 353)
Emma Voirin● (CIMADE), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)
Jean Voirin● (CIMADE), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)
League Against Anti-Semitism, Czechoslovakia (Gutman, 2007, p.xxxvi)
Founded as an advocacy group for protecting Jewish civil rights in Czechoslovakia in the 1930s.
League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and other), Geneva, established 1921
James Grover McDonald, USA
McDonald became the Chairman of the Foreign Policy Association in New York in 1919. He served the Association until 1933. At that time, McDonald was appointed as head of the newly-created League of Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees in Germany. His appointment as an American Commissioner to the League was ironic, since America did not belong to the world organization. His efforts on behalf of Jewish refugees found little support in either the US State Department or the British or French Foreign Offices. Throughout the war, McDonald supported the rescue of refugees through immigration to the United States. These policies were continually opposed by the State Department. After the war, he was appointed the first American Ambassador to Israel, a position he held until 1951. (Breitman, Richard, Advocate for the Doomed, 2007. London, L. Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1948: British immigration policy, Jewish refugees and the Holocaust, pp. 83-84. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 204, 455, 954-956, 1187, 1237. Feingold, Henry. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938-1944. (New Brunswick, NJ: (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970), pp. 14, 18, 25-26, 31, 52, 76, 80, 92, 127, 139, 142, 144-147, 152, 156, 160, 162-164, 213, 286. Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. (New York: Pantheon, 1984), pp. 45-46, 315. Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy. (New York: Random House, 1967), pp. 148, 160, 167-168, 171, 187-190, 205, 209, 211, 295-296, 303. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 69, 113, 248, 250. His papers were donated to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Genizi, Haim, “James G. McDonald: High Commissioner for Refugees, 1933-35.” The Wiener Library Bulletin, Vol. 30, n.s., nos. 43/44 (1977), pp. 40-52. Scott, George, The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations. London: Hutchinson, 1973. Official records of the several High Commissions for Refugees and of the Nansen Office.)
Sir Niell Malcolm, High Commissioner, 1936-1938
Nansen Office, see also Nansenhjaelp
Odd Nansen
League of Polish Syndicalists (Zwiazek Syndikalistów Polskich), aided Zegota in rescue and relief of Polish Jews, see also Zegoa (Gutman, 1990, p. 1730)
“Lemels Convent” Rescue Network, Lemele, Overijssel, Netherlands (Gutman, 2004, p. xxxv)
Albert Warmlink● (Gutman, 2004, p. xxxv)
Mina Warmlink● (Gutman, 2004, p. xxxv)
L’Entraide Temporaire, see Temporary Mutual Assistance, Paris, France
Les Feux Follets Childrens Home, St. Cergues-les-Voirons, Haute-Savoie, Southern France (Near Geneva). Operated by Swiss Red Cross
Germaine Hommel●, Head (Gutman, 2003)
Renée Farny●, worked with Rose (Rüsli) Naef● (Gutman, 2003)
Léon Balland● (Gutman, 2003)
Marthe Bouvard● (Gutman, 2003)
Liberian Consulate, Vienna, Austria
The Liberian Consul obtained and distributed one thousand forged Liberian visas. Julius Steinfeld was a Jewish rescuer who obtained these visas in 1938. When Adolf Eichmann found out about these visas, Eichmann demanded that the Jewish immigrants purchase travel tickets for Liberia. The refugees had no intention of going to Liberia. Dr. William Perl, of Af-Al-Pi, in his book, The Four-Front War, states: “Our offices in Vienna and in Prague, therefore, undertook to provide these destination visas, or end visas as we called them. In Vienna, Heinrich Haller, Paul Haller’s brother, Fritz Herrenfeld, and Paul Elbogen started negotiating with the consuls of various Latin American nations as well as with the consul of Liberia (pp. 142-143).” (Kranzler, David. Thy Brother’s Blood: The Orthodox Jewish Response During the Holocaust. (Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah, 1987), pp. 260-261. Perl, William R. The Four-Front War: From the Holocaust to the Promised Land. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1978), pp. 142-143.)
Ligue pour Combattre l’Anti-Sémitisme, Belgium (Steinberg, Maxime, 1986)
Limited Company, see Anonymous Group (Naamloze Vennootschap; NV Group)
Lithuanian Honorary Consul in Aix-en-Provence, France, 1940?
The Lithuanian honorary consul in Marseilles, France, provided Lithuanian passports to Varian Fry and Albert Hirschmann of the Emergency Rescue Committee. These documents were necessary in order to get refugees safe passage through Spain to Lisbon. The honorary consul of Lithuania at Aix was eventually arrested by the French police. (Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. (New York: Random House, 1945), pp. 40-41, 131. Marino, Andy. A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), pp. 141, 242. Ebel, Miriam Davenport. An Unsentimental Education: A Memoir by Miriam Davenport Ebel. (1999).)
LO, see the National Organization for Assistance to Divers, the Netherlands
Lord Bladwin Fund, see Baldwin Fund
Loubris Fonds (Funds), Ghent, Belgium, established end of 1940, worked with FI (Moore, 2010, p. 201)
Joseph Loubris+*, founder, police brigadier, Ghent, Belgium
Alphonse Dewalsche+, police commissioner, 4 District, Ghent, Belgium
Lumière et Santé, Paris, France (Moore, 2010, p. 265)
Helped place children in the French countryside.
Village of Luserna san Giovann, in Valice, Torino Province (on the border with France), Italy (Gutman, 2007, p. 349)
Hid, sheltered and cared for numerous Jews. Villagers were Christian Waldesian (Valdesi) sect.
Leontine Avondet●
Michel Avondet●
Alfredo Comba●
Maria Comba●
Silvia Malan●
Lutheran Church’s Collection for Non-Aryan Exiles
Lutheran Council in the USA, Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, New York, NY, USA, established 1938
(Hertz, “Joint and Concurrent.” Romanofsky, Social Service Organizations, pp. 396-399. Lutheran Council in the USA, Archives of Cooperative Lutheranism.)
Lyngby Transport Group
The Lyngby Group, named after a suburb of Copenhagen, was comprised of a group of teachers who aided and saved Jews from capture during the deportation actions of October 1943. It was responsible for helping at least seven hundred Jews. It had 60 active workers.
Aage Bertelsen was the leader of this rescue organization.
(Bertelsen, 1954; Flender, pp. 138-140, 145-149; Gesfelt, 19??)
Aage Bertelsen, Leader, Lyngby Transport Group
Aage Bertelsen was the leader of the Lyngby Group. He was a high school teacher. He organized the rescue of Jews by Danish teachers. His home was used to organize rescue efforts. Seven hundred Jews passed through his home. Bertelsen’s home and the center were closed in late October 1943.
(Yahil, pp. 247, 254, 274, XII; Bertelsen, 1947, 1954, October 1943; Gersfelt, 19??)
Mrs. Aage Bertelsen+, Lyngby Group
Mrs. Aage Bertelsen worked closely with her husband in saving Danish Jews.
On November 9, 1943, Mrs. Bertelsen was arrested by Nazi authorities. She was questioned about her husband’s whereabouts. She refused to divulge his location. She was asked about her activities rescuing Jews. She recalled that she was asked: “We know you have participated in helping Jews to Sweden, isn’t that true?” She replied: “Of course it is. All decent people did.” Asked “And shy did you help Jews? Was it to make money?” She replied: “Because of sympathy with poor, persecuted people, who came to us confidently placing their lives and fates in our hands.” In discussing the rescue of Jews with her husband, Aage, she reflected: “It’s as if we never realized before what it means to live.”
(Flender, pp. 138-139, 148, 149; Bertelsen, 1954; Gersfelt, 19??)
Eric Bennike+*, First Lieutenant
Rescue activist, Lyngby Group. Killed by Gestapo in Nyhavn, April 18, 1945 (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 156-159)
Mrs. Berendsohn
Mr. Berg, Danish Composer, Lyngby Group (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
Franz Boegh, Headmaster/Principal in Urikkenborg (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 20)
Dr. Jorgen Boegh (Doctor of Divinity)
Worked on the Christian Daily. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 20, 21, 22, 31)
Mr. Bruné, Virum, Denmark
Driver, courier, Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 144-145)
Mr. Carstensen, Lyngby Group
Manager, Burmeister and Wain Shipbuilding Company. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 116)
Juel Christiansen, Merchant, Finance Department, Lyngby Line
Worked with B. O. Weeke in Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 80, 123)
Miss Christiansen(Bertelsen, 1954, p. 180)
David (Jewish), founder
Activist, founder, inspiration for Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 29, 30, 31, 34-37, 68, 70, 74, 75, 77, 96, 97, 142)
Professor Richard Ege, Lyngby Group, Rockefeller Institute
Mrs. Ege, wife
Head of staff, Institute of Physiology, Rockefeller Institute.
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 29, 32, 33, 76-82, 131, 144, 171; Flender, pp. 55-56, 134-139, 141, 144, 233)
Lief Eriksson, Lyngby Group
Student of Bertelsen at State School. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
Mr. Federspiel+, Lyngby Group
Was betrayed and sent to Froslev, German concentration camp in Southern Jutland. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 94, 95)
Mr. Johannes Fog, Timber Merchant
Lent a considerable sum to help finance Lyngby Line rescue operation. Lent 168,000 Kroner. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 65, 66, 67, 70, 110)
Dr. Jorgen Gersfelt, Snekkersten Rescue Underground
Leader in Snekkersten Rescue Underground provided financial aid to and cooperated with Lyngby Group. Authored book, How we Fooled the Gestapo. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 67, 76, 82, 131; Gersfeld, 19??)
Miss Gergersen
High school teacher, Buddington Lane, Copenhagen. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 21)
Ms. Grenth+
Hotel and restaurant owner. Hid Jews, worked with Lyngby Group. Caught by Gestapo. Went underground in Copenhagen. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 126-131)
Uffe Grossen
High school principal, Zeeland, Denmark. Helped move/transpoert Jews. Raised money for rescue effort. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 140-141)
Hansen, Danish Police, Gasoline Rationing Office
Supplied crucial ration coupons to Lyngby Line. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 180)
Christian Jensen+†, Husun, Lyngby Group
Worked with Dr. Strandbygaard. Arrested and severely tortured. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 124)
Mr. V. A. C. Jensen, Headmaster, Elsinore High School
Aided Bertelsen and Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 111-112)
Mrs. Jensen
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 111-112)
Miss Kaer, Copenhagen
(Bertelsen, 1954, p.41)
Mr. Kampmann+†, Civil Engineer
Worked at technical high school. Major helper and organizer in Lyngby Group. Arrested and tortured. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 152-154)
Kjeldsen, Lyngby Group, Copenhagen
Key taxi driver who transported Jews to safety. Volunteered his time and cab to save Jews in Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 134, 135, 136, 137)
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 134-137; Flender, pp. 146-147)
Herman Kleener
Former student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 141-142)
Pastor Krohn, Lyngby, Denmark
Provided funds for Lyngby Line and blank Baptismal Certificates for use to save Danish Jews. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 64-65)
Speedy Larking, Lyngby Group Line
Helped protect Jewish property. Helped get supplies on black market. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 138-139, 163, 180)
Mrs. Larking
Wife of Speedy Larking. Store owners. provided funds and front for Lyngby Group operations. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 83, 180)
Professor Lindestrom-Lang
Assistant to Professor Ege (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 29, 179)
Henning Madsen, Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen at State School. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 125)
Mr. and Mrs. Thorvald Madsen
Worked with Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 131)
Mr. Magius+†
Engineer from Funen Lane, Lyngby, Denmark. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 124)
Mouridsen, Chief of Police, Lyngby, Denmark
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 21, 22, 146-147)
Ole Nielsen, Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
Ole Norgaard, Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954)
Mr. and Mrs. Norrid, Sorgenfri, Copenhagen
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 21, 31, 97, 101, 115, 122, 147, 173)
Inga Norrild●
Svend Norrild●
Mr. Jens Nyskov-Sorensen
Lyngby Line activist, parliamentary usher in Humlebaek. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 112, 114, 115, 122, 123, 180)
“The Orderly” +†
A shoemaker and an orderly in the Danish Sea Scouts. Courier/taxi driver for the Lyngby Group. Caught, severely tortured by Germans. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 125, 126)
Brent Petersen* (“Big P”)
Medical student, driver, courier for Lyngby Group. Died doing resistance work. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 145-146)
Prior
Lyngby Group in Humlebaek. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 115, 123)
Professor Prohaska
Teacher, shipbuilding, Technical High School. Helped with shipping problems for Lyngby Group. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 116, 122, 144, 153-154, 171)
Professor Brandt Rehberg
Assistant to Professor Richard Ege. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 29, 179)
Mr. Axel Rode, Lyngby Group
Activist, rescuer. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 122)
Erik Sandoe (“Mester”), Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
Bjarne (“Sig”) Sigtryggsson, Lyngby Group Leader, School Headmaster
Bjarne Sigtryggsson was a leader of the Lyngby Group from Humlebaek who rescued Jews during the German action of October 1943. Coordinated activities of Lyngby Group.
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 23, 63, 107, 111-112, 121-123, 168-171, 176-178, 180; Petrow, p. 224)
Solje, Lyngby Group
Driver, courier for Lyngby Group. Involved in transports of Jews and others. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 134, 183-185)
David Sompolinsky, Founder, Lyngby Group
See Jewish Rescuers and Denmark.
(Bertelsen, 1954; Flender, pp. 138-140, 145, 147)
Dr. Standbygaard, Lyngby Group
Dr. Standbygaard was a woman physician with the Lyngby Group who participated in the rescue of Danish Jews in October 1943. Worked with Christian Jensen from Husum and Magius, an engineer from Funen Lane in Lyngby.
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 123, 124, 148-149, 162, 178, 180; Flender, p. 148)
Edvard Tesdorpf and Mrs. Tesdorpf, Lyngby Group
Edvard Tesdorpf and his wife worked with the Lyngby Group hiding Jews in their large estate by the sea. Many Jews took refuge on their estate waiting for boat transport to Sweden. Mrs. Tesdorpf recalled telling her husband about the first Jews who hid on their estate:
“Who are they?” he asked.
“I don’t know,” she said. “The only think I know about them is that they’re Jews fleeing arrest by the Germans. They simply turned up at the estate earlier this afternoon and asked if I would hide them. Naturally, I couldn’t turn them away!”
“Of course,” replied her husband. “We must do everything we can to help them.”
Mrs. Tesdorpf further reflected, “Actually, it was all rather exciting. Every time we took the refugees down to the beach on our estate where they were to meet one of the boats I kept hearing over and over in my head ‘The Smuggler’s Theme’ from Carmen.”
Discussing the rescue of Jews with her husband, Mrs. Bertelsen said, “It’s as if we never realized before what it means to live.”
(Flender, pp. 148, 173.)
Mr. Thiesen, Teacher
(Bertelsen, 1954, p. 143)
Anders Thykiaer, Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
Miss Ulff
(Bertelsen, 1954, p. 180)
Villumsen+, Lyngby Group
Coordinated movement of Jews from Copenhagen. Imprisoned in Vestre Prison and the Horserod Prison Camp. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 111-112, 157-159, 168-169, 179-180, 184-185)
Niels Wang, Lyngby Rescue Group
Student of Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 123)
B. O. Weeke+
Manufacturer, worked on rescue route from Smidstrup. Coordinated with Juel-Christiansen. Took over operation of Lyngby Line when Aage Bertelsen and his wife were forced to go into hiding. Sent to Vestre Prison. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 123, 179-180, 182-187)
Weinberg, Lyngby Group
Humlebaek, Gylfe. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 178-180)
Mrs. Else Zeuthen
(Bertelsen, 1954, p. 131)
Customs House Official, Humlebaek, Denmark
Helped in ship transports to Sweden. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 118)
Doctor No. 2, Rockefeller Institute
Worked under Dr. Richard Ege, Rockefeller Institute. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 81)
Mexican Sea Captain, Lyngby Group
Transported Jews from Denmark to Sweden as part of the Lyngby Group in October 1943. He charged reasonable prices for his services.
(Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 114-119, 180-181; Flender, p. 147)
The Lyngby Group was helped by the following organizations and individuals:
Students Group, Regensen, Denmark, worked with Lyngby Group and Aage Bertelsen. (Bertelsen, 1954, pp. 85-86, 131)
Langhoff, leader
Kileby, leader
Danish Brigade (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 167)
Gustav von Dardel (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 73)
Prime Minister Vihelm Buhl, provided money for the Lyngby Line. (Bertelsen, pp. 75-76)
Domus Medica
Doctors from the organization Domus Medica provided money for Lyngby Line. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 75)
Women’s Voluntary Service
Provided aid to Jews, hid Jews, and provided food and shelter. Worked with the Lyngby Line. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 102)
“Free Danes”
Armed underground resistance group. Offered to aid Lyngby group in Jewish rescue activities. (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 173)
“M” [Migration] Project, 1943-1945
(Studies of Migration and Settlement, Washington, 1943-1945. Field, Henry, “M” Project for FDR, Studies on Migration and Settlement. Ann Arbor, MI, 1962. Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Harry S. Truman Library. Library of Congress. New York Public Library. General Research and Humanities Div.)
Julius Madritsch Rescue Action (Wehrmachtverpflichtete Werkstatt), Krakow Ghetto, Poland, Tarnow Ghetto, Plaszow Labor Camp (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 80-81; Gutman, 2007, pp. 19-20)
Two thousand Polish Jews were sheltered and protected by Austrian factory owner Julius Madritsch and his brother-in-law, Raymond Tisch. Worked with the Cracow Council for Aid to Jews.
Julius Madritsch●, factory owner (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 80-81)
Raimund Titsch● (Raymond Tisch), factory manager (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 80-81)
Oswald Bosko●, Krakow Ghetto Police
Heinrich Bayer, factory worker, Zegota liaison in Tisch factory (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 80-81)
Maksymillian Skowron, factory worker, Crakow (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 80-81)
Zbigniew Kuzma, factory worker (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 81)
Antoni Kozlowski, courier (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 81)
Magyar Fuggetlensegi Mozgalom (MFM), see Hungarian Independence Movement
Main d’Oeuvre Étrangère (MOI; Moore, 2010; Steinberg)
“Marcel” Rescue Network, Southern France (Konopnicki, pp. 87-97)
Jewish rescue network aided by local Catholic and Protestant clerics and church officials. Saved 300-500 children. (Gutman, 2003)
Moussa Abadi (Jewish), OSE (Gutman, 2003)
Odette Rosenstock (Jewish; Gutman, 2003)
Bishop Monsignor Paul Réymond●, Nice, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)
Mademoiselle Lagache, secretary to Monsignor Paul Réymond(Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Gagnier (Gutman, 2003)
Pastor Edmond Evrard●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 230)
Ida Evrard●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 230)
Dan Evrard●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 230)
Louis Evrard●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 230)
Dr. Miklós Marik MD Rescue Operation, Verebelyi Clinic, Budapest (Gutman, 2007, p. 276)
Dr. Kiklós Marik, MD●, head surgical department, Verebelyi Clinic, Budapest, hid and protected Jews in his clinic during Arrow Cross rule in Budapest
Mason Order (Masons), Phoenix Chapter, Athens, Greece
Matteoti Fund, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, p. 18)
Fund set up to support opponents and victims of Nazism.
ChairmanHans Hedtoft, chairman Social Democratic Party
Piet Meerburg Network, see also Amsterdam Student Corps (Amsterdamsch Studenten Corps; ASC; USHMM RG 50.030.154; Cammaert, 1994; Flim, 1996)
Children’s rescue and relief network made up of university students of the Amsterdam Student Corps (ASC).
Piet Meerburg●, leader, leader of the Amsterdam Student Corps (ASC; Cammaert, 1994; Flim, 1996)
Jur Haak (Flim, 1996)
Tieneke Haak (Flim, 1996)
Wouter van Zeytveld (Flim, 1996)
Kapelaan Jansen (Flim, 1996, pp. 339-340)
Pastor Willem Mesdag, Mennonite (Flim, 1996, pp. 339-340)
Krijn van den Helm, Leeuwarden, Netherlands (Flim, 1996, p. 79)
Memorial Relief Committee, Marseilles, France
Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), USA, active in France (Ryan, 1996, pp. 106, 150-153, 216)
The Mennonite Central Committee operated an orphanage in Marseilles and distributed food and other supplies to refugee children. They had a staff of five relief workers.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Film Corporation, Loews Inc., New York, NY, donated $1,000,000 for refugee relief and rescue of Jews (Gutman, 2003)
Father Meunier Rescue Network, Liège, Belgium, see also Bishop (Msg) Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs Rescue Network, Van Den Berg Rescue Network, Bouflette Rescue Network (YV M31/594 [André Meunier]; Gutman, 2005)
Father (Abbé) André Meunier●, professor, Catholic Grand Seminary, Liège, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives, YV M31/594, André Meunier; Gutman, 2005, p. 186)
Bishop (Msg) Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 151, 252-253)
Mrs. Kleinberger (Jewish; Gutman, 2005)
Monsignor Louis de Gryter, Parish of Saint Christophe (Gutman, 2005, pp. 84, 151)
Father (Abbé) Emile Boufflette●+*, Movement Nationale Belge, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 52-53)
Father (Abbé) André, Namur, Belgium (Gutman, 2005, pp. 36-37)
Father Joseph Dethier, chaplain, Verleumont, Belgium, hid and protected Jews (Matteazzi, 1999, p. 201)
Mexican Government
Lázáro Cardenás, president of Mexico
Mexican Embassy, Paris, France
Luis I. Rodriguez, Mexican Ambassador to France, 1939-1940
Luis I. Rodriguez was appointed the Mexican ambassador to France by President Lazaro Cardenas. Together with Consul General Gilberto Bosques, he presented numerous letters of protest regarding the horrendous conditions inside the French internment camps. These camps housed thousands of former Spanish Republican soldiers and Jewish refugees who were considered by the French government to be enemy aliens. Later, Rodriguez and Bosques presented formal complaints to the Vichy government regarding the deportation and murder of Jews. Rodriguez left France at the end of 1940, leaving Bosques in charge. (Rodriguez, Luis I. Misión de Luis I. Rodriguez en Francia: La protección de los refugiados españoles, Julio a diciembre de 1940. (Mexico: El Colegio de México, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2000). Salzman, Daniela Gleizer. México Frente a la Inmigración de Refugiados Judíos: 1934-1940. (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historía, 2000). Kloyber, Christian (Ed.). Exilio y Cultura: El Exilio Cultural Austriaco en México. (Mexico: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 2002).)
Francisco Aguilar, Mexican Consul General in France, 1940-1941?
Francisco Aguilar was the Mexican Consul General in France, 1940-1941. He worked with Gilberto Bosques in aiding Jews to escape France. (Rodríguez, Luis I. Misión de Luis I. Rodríguez en Francia: La protección de los refugiados españoles, Julio a diciembre de 1940. (México: El Colegio de México, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2000), pp. 561, 569-570, 573.)
Mexican Consulate, Marseilles, France
Gilberto Bosques, Mexican Consul General in Paris and Marseilles, 1939-42
Gilberto Bosques was a member of the revolutionary movement in Mexico in 1910. He served in numerous occupations, including that of journalist, educator and politician. He was appointed Ambassador at Large to France by Mexican President Cardenas. Bosques served as the Mexican Consul General in Paris and Marseilles in 1939-1942. During this time, Bosques issued hundreds of visas to refugees, including anti-Franco fighters from the Spanish Civil War. He also issued visas to thousands of Jews. Among those he helped save were artists, politicians and other refugees from Germany, Austria, France and Spain. Bosques supplied visas to Varian Fry and his Emergency Rescue Committee as well as numerous other rescue agencies. Bosques maintained two estates outside of Marseilles (formerly castles) in which he housed and fed thousands of refugees. In November 1942, Bosques and other members of the Mexican legation were arrested by French Vichy officials and Nazis. Bosques and his staff were later released and returned to Mexico. When Consul General Bosques returned to Mexico City, he was greeted by cheering throngs and a parade was held in his honor. After the war, Bosques served many years as a career diplomat in the Mexican foreign service. (Bosques, Gilberto. The National Revolutionary Party of Mexico and the Six-Year Plan. (Mexico: Bureau of Foreign Information of the National Revolutionary Party, 1937). Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. (New York: Random House, 1945), p. 127. See Visas for Life nomination for Yad Vashem. See also news clippings. Eck, Nathan. “The Rescue of Jews With the Aid of Passports and Citizenship Papers of Latin American States.” Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance, 1 (1957), pp. 125-152. Marrus, Michael, R., and Robert O. Paxton. Vichy France and the Jews. (New York: Basic Books, 1981). Fittko, Lisa, translated by David Koblick. Escape through the Pyrénées. (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1991). Ryan, Donna F. The Holocaust and the Jews of Marseille: The Enforcement of Anti-Semitic Policies in Vichy France. (Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 1996). Cline, H. F. The United States and Mexico. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953). Schuler, Friedrich E. Mexico Between Hitler and Roosevelt: Mexican Foreign Relations in the Age of Lázaro Cárdens, 1934-1940. (Albequerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1998). Bosques Saldívar, Gilberto. Gilberto Bosques Saldívar: H. Congreso del Estado de Puebla. LII Legislatura. (San Andrés Cholula, Puebla: Imagen Pública y Corporativa). Barros Horcasitas, Beatriz. “Gilberto Bosques Saldívar, adalid del asilo diplomático.” Sólo Historia, 12 (2001), pp. 74-87. Carrillo Vivas, Gonzalo, “A los 84 años del desembarco de los marines en el Puerto de Veracruz,” Bulevar, 4 (1993), Mexico. Carrillo Vivas, Gonzalo, “Poeta: Gilberto Bosques Saldívar,” Bulevar, 8 (1994), Mexico. Garay, Graciela de, coord., Gilberto Bosques, historia oral de la diplomacia mexicana. Mexico, Archivo Histórico Diplomático, 1988. Romero Flores, Jesús, Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Mexico, SEP, 1960. Salado, Minerva, Cuba, revolución en la memoria. Mexico, IPN, 1989. Serrano Migallón, Fernanco, El asilo politico en Mexico. Mexico, Porrúa, 1988. Rodriguez, Luis I. Misión de Luis I. Rodriguez en Francia: La protección de los refugiados españoles, Julio a diciembre de 1940. (Mexico: El Colegio de México, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2000). Salzman, Daniela Gleizer. México Frente a la Inmigración de Refugiados Judíos: 1934-1940. (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historía, 2000). Kloyber, Christian (Ed.). Exilio y Cultura: El Exilio Cultural Austriaco en México. (Mexico: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, 2002). Von Hanffstengel, Renata, Tercero, Cecilia (Eds.). México, El Exilio Bien Temperado. (Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Interculturales Germano-Mexicanas,1995). Von Hanffstengel, Renata, Vasconcelos, Cecilia T., Nungesser, Michael, & Boullosa, Carmen. Encuentros Gráficos 1938-1948. (Mexico City: Instituto de Investigaciones Interculturales Germano-Mexicanas, 1999). Alexander, Brigitte. Die Ruckkehr: Erzählunen und Stücke aus dem Exile. (Berlin: Wolfgang Weist, 2005). Kloyber, Christian. Österreicher in Exil, Mexico 1938-1947: Eine Dokumentation. (Wien: Verlag Deutsche, 2002).)
Narciso Bassols, Mexican Consul General in France, 1940-1941?
Narciso Bassols was the Mexican Consul General in France, 1940-1941. He worked with Gilberto Bosques in aiding Jews to escape France. (Rodríguez, Luis I. Misión de Luis I. Rodríguez en Francia: La protección de los refugiados españoles, Julio a diciembre de 1940. (Mexico: El Colegio de México, Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2000), pp. 59, 299, 301, 361.)
Mexican Embassy, Lisbon, Portugal
José Manuel del Castillo Alvarez, Mexican Ambassador to Portugal, 1940
José Manuel del Castillo Alvarez was the Mexican Ambassador to Portugal in 1940. Ambassador Castillo issued hundreds of visas for refugees to escape Europe. He did not formally ask for permission to issue these visas. He was later questioned by the Mexican foreign ministry about these actions. He claimed that the Mexican immigration policy was so vague that he did not fully understand it. Castillo was recalled to Mexico temporarily to explain his actions. He explained in correspondence that he thought it was the policy of Mexico to provide refuge for individuals in need. A ship named the Quanza, leaving for Lisbon with Jewish refugees bound for Mexico, was not permitted to land in Mexico. The Jews were eventually given asylum in the US by the intervention of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and sympathetic immigration officials. (Salzman, Daniela Gleizer. México Frente a la Inmigración de Refugiados Judíos: 1934-1940. (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historía, 2000).)
Mexican Embassy, League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland
Isidro Fabela, Mexican Ambassador to the League of Nations
Isidro Fabela was the Mexican Ambassador to the League of Nations. In 1938, he wrote Mexico’s official protest of Germany’s annexation of Austria. This was the only written protest worldwide. After the war, he has been honored in Austria for his protest of the annexation. Before the war, Fabela served as the Foreign Minister of Mexico. (Eck, Nathan. “The Rescue of Jews With the Aid of Passports and Citizenship Papers of Latin American States.” Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance, 1 (1957), pp. 125-152.)
Pastor Pieter Miedema Rescue Network, Friesland, Netherlands (De Vries, p. 3; Stein, 1998, pp. 57-74)
Pastor Miedema began hiding and sheltering Jewish children in April 1943. Pastor Miedena and his wife were demounced for this activity and went into hiding until the liberation of Holland.
Pastor Pieter Miedema (Stein, 1998)
Mrs. Miedema (Stein, 1998)
Milan Liberation Committee, Milan, Italy
Womens Defense Groups
Communist Party ection
Gruppi di Difesta della Donna
Tomaso Della Porta
Gisela Della Port
Mill (Code Name) Spy Sabotage Cell, Belgium
Mission Populaire Evangélique, 18th District, Paris, France, see also Jean Jousselin Rescue Network (YV M31/1670, Jean Jousselin; Cohen, 2000, pp. 112-114; Gutman, 2004, p. 137; Moore, 2010, p. 269; Yagil, 2005, p. 530)
Established Maison Verte, a youth organization for young Parisians. It was led by Pastor Jean Jousselin, who used it as an opportunity to help Jewish youth.
MNCR, see National Movement Against Racism
“Mokán” Resistance Movement, Diósgyör (near Miskolc), Hungary, rescued local Jews during the Nazi occupation and deportation in Hungary (Gutman, 2007, p. 260)
József Kopácsi●+
Ilona Kopácsi●
Sándor Kopácsi●
Pastor Moulin Rescue Network, Blija (Friesland), Netherlands (Bekkenkamp,2000, pp. 79-80; Moore, 2010, p. 244)
Mouvement Nationale Belge, Belgium (Moore, 2010, p. 197)
Mouvement National Contre Racisme (MNCR), France, see National Movement Against Racism
Mouvement Populaire des Familles, France
Mouvements Prisoners, France
Mouvement Unis de La Resistance (MUR), France
Movement for the Care of Children From Germany (MCCG), see Kindertransport, Great Britain, 1938-1939 (Gutman, 2007, p. 518)
Lord Gorell, Chairman
Herbert Samuel
Bill Barazetti● (Werner Feodor), Swiss citizen in Czechoslovakia, saved 669 Jewish children
Gertrude Wijsmuller
Mrs. Recha Freier (Jewish)
Nicholas Winton●
Municipal Women’s House, Common Lodging House, 96 Leszno Street, Warsaw, Poland, managed by the Department of Social Welfare, 74 Zlota Street (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 131-134)
The Munical Women’s Houses located near the entrance to the Warsaw Ghetto hid and sheltered Jews who had escaped the Ghetto. They began taking in Jews in the summer of 1942. The Jews were then moved to other safe houses or to the Polish countryside. Jewish women participated in this rescue operation. Local nuns also participated in this rescue action.
Zofia Wiewiórowska, rescue organizer (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 131-134)
Genia Rodak, rescue organizer (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 131-134)
Halina Szarowaro, rescue organizer (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 131-134)
Genowefa Majewska, Jewish Committee (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 132)
J. Helman, Jewish Committee (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 132)
Musicians Emergency Fund, Inc., New York, NY, USA, established 1931
(Musicians Emergency Fund records.)
Musy Rescue Action
Jean-Marie Musy, president of the Federal Council of Switzerland (Favez, 1999, pp. 262, 265; Laqueur & Baumel, 2001, p. 622; Koblik, 1988, pp. 125-127, 132, 278; Penkower, 1983, pp. 247, 256-264, 274, 277, 278)
Jean-Marie Musy was the President and head of State in Switzerland. Musy made contact with the head of the SS Foreign Communications Service, Walter Schellenberg, and managed to ransom 1,200 Jews from the Theresienstadt concentration camp. They were brought to Switzerland.
Mutual Aid Committee (Comité de Entr’aide) Brussels, Paris, Bayone, Bilboa, Gibralter, Spain
Mutual Enterprisees Organization, Australia
Naamloze Vennootschap (NV). See Annonymous Company
Gabriel Nahas Rescue Network (Moore, 2010, p. 61)
Worked with Jean Weider and the Dutch-Paris Network. Smuggled refugees across border to Spain.
Dr. Gabriel Nahas, MD (French doctor; Moore, 2010, p. 61)
Namur (Namen), Belgium, residents who helped Jews:
Marie-Paul Carels-Hervé●
Nansenhjaelp, Norway, established 1942(?)
Odd Nansen, of the committee of Nansenhjaelp, organized a rescue of 1,700 Norwegian Jews. This operation was a joint action between Sweden and Norway. The Nansenhjaelp committee also helped rescue a number of refugees fleeing the Nazis from Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Many of these refugees were Jews. In January 1942, Nansen was arrested by the Nazi occupying government of Norway and was held in a concentration camp. He was later deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he survived until liberation.
Odd Nansen
National Army, Armia Ludowa (AL), Poland, established December 31, 1943
National Children’s Committee (Oeuvre Nationale de l’Enfance; ONE; National Werk voor Kinderwelzijn; NWK), Belgium; worked with Committee for the Protection of Jews in Belgium (Comité de Défense Des Juifs en Belgique; CDJ; Garfinkeles, 1965; Gutman, 1990, pp. 1059-1060; Gutman, 2005, xxxi, 76-77, 194-195; Steinberg, 1973; Yad Vashem Archives)
Rescued 4,000 Jewish children in Belgium.
Yvone Névejean● (d.1987), Head, National Children’s Committee, ONE Rescue Network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Archbishop Louis-Joseph Kerkhofs●, head of Kerkhofs Rescue Network, Liège, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 151)
Father Joseph André●, Namur, France, head of L’Aide Chrétienne aux Israelites (ACI) rescue network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Father Bruno Reynders●, Louvain, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 36-37, 218-219)
Leon Platteau●, Belgian Ministry of Justice, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Queen Mother Elizabeth●, Queen Mother of Belgium, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p.131)
Jean Lameer●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 159-160)
Nelly Lameer●, member of rescue group Les Marines, active in CDJ, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 159-160)
Mrs. Volon●, assistant to Yvonne Névejean, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Jean Henrickx●, Mayor of Uccle, member of rescue group Les Marines, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 159-160)
Jeanne Daman Scaglione●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)
Fela Perelman (Jewish), alias “Dumont,” leader, CDJ, rescue activist (Gutman, 2005, pp. 159-160)
Chaim Perelman (Jewish), leader, CDJ, rescue activist (Gutman, 2005, pp. 159-160)
Father Lucien Rausch●, Felene, Namur Privince, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 217)
Father Oscar Smeets●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 234-235)
Roger Pire●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 234-235)
National Committee against Nazi Persecution and Extermination of Jews, USA, Est.1944 (Feingold, 1970, p. 241)
A pressure group was formed, headed by prominent Americans, some even associated with the Roosevelt administration. It was created to “rally the full force of the public conscience” to promote a “sustained and vigorous action by our government and the United Nations to rescue those who may yet be saved” (New York Times, January 31, 1944). This group included Supreme Court Justice Frank Murphy, Vice President Henry A. Wallace and Wendle Wilkie.
Supreme Court Justice Frank Murphy, (USA)
Wendell Willkie, (USA)
US Vice President Henry Wallace, (USA)
National Committee for Aid to Refugees, France (Le Comité National de Secours Aux Refugies)
National Committee for Refugee Musicians, USA, established 1938 (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
Mark Brunswick, chairman
National Committee for Rescue from Nazi Terror, Great Britain
Elanor Rathbone, M.P.
Victor Gollancz
National Committee for Resettlement of Foreign Physicians, USA, established 1939 (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008. Edsall, David L., & Tracey J. Putnam, “The Émigré Physician in America, 1941; A Report of the National Committee for Resettlement of Foreign Physicians.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 117 (Nov. 29, 1941): 1881-1888. Genzini, “American Non-Sectarian,” pp. 185-193. Report of the National Committee…1938-1940. University of Minnesota, Immigration History Research Center. YIVO Archives.)
Dr. Ernst P. Boas, founder, officer
Dr. Lawrence S. Kubie, founder, officer
Dr. Alfred E. Cohn, member General Advisory Council of the Committee
National Committee for the Defense of the Jews (Comité National de Défense des Juifs (CNDJ), part of National Front of Belgian Independence (FI), offices in Brussels, Liège
Emile Allard
Yvonne Névejean●, ONE
National Committee for the Child (Oeuvre Nationale des Enfants; ONE; Nationaal Werk voor Kinderwelzijn; NWK)
National Committee of Liberation (Commitato di Liberazione Nationale; CLN), Italy
National Coordinating Committee for Aid to Refugees and Emigrants from Germany (NCC), USA (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
The National Coordinating Committee (NCC) was established in October 1943 to help refugees emigrating from Germany to the United States.
National Liberation Front (EAM; Ethnikon Apeletherotikon Metopon), Greece (Gutman, 1990, p. 104)
National Movement Against Racism (Mouvement National Contre le Racisme: MNCR), France (Gutman, 1990, 2003)
Leaders:
Alex Chertok
Suzanna Spaatz
Thérèse Pierre, Protestant pastor
National Organization for Assistance to Divers (Landelijke Organisatie voor Hulp aan Onderdviker; LO), The Netherlands, established 1942, see also Calvinist Women’s Association, Netherlands (Gutman, 1990; Gutman, 2004, pp. xxiii-xxiv; Moore, 2010, pp. 53, 218, 234-239, 244, 314; Warmbrunn, 1972, p. 188)
Minister Frits Slomp+ (alias “Frits the Wanderer”; Moore, 2010, p. 234)
Father Henricus Villings●*, Limburg (Gutman, 2004)
Marie Ten Hemel Opneming, Grubenvorst
Curate Jean Slots, Limburg
Mrs. Helena Theodora Kuipers-Rietberg, founder (Calvinist Women’s Association)
Johannes Post●, Hoogeveen, Netherlands, leader (Gutman, 2004)
Henk van Riessen
Hendrik Dienske● (Gutman, 2005)
National Peasant Party (Partidul National Taransec), Northern Transylvania
Aurel Socal, party leader
Aural Socal rescued Jews by helping to move them across Hungarian-Romanian borders. (Socal, Aurel Furtuna, “Asupra Ardealulu” [Storm Over Transylvania]. Cluj: Revista “Tribuna, 1991, pp. 61-68, 103, cited in Braham, 1981, p. 1054n16)
National Refugee Service (NRS), USA (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
Joseph Chamberlain, (USA), Director, Chairman of the Board
William Rosenwald, President
Paul Felix Warburg (JDC)
Albert Abramson
Arthur D. Greenleigh
Executive Committee:
Harry Greenstein
William Haber
Joseph C. Hymam (JDC)
Executive Officers:
William Haber
Ann S. Petluck
Cecilia Razovsky
Albert Abramson
Stella Baruch
Milton Feinburg
Arthur Greenleigh
Augusta Mayerson
Ephraim Gomberg
Nationaal Steun Fonds, see National Support Fund, the Netherlands
National Support Fund (Nationaal Steun Fonds; NSF), the Netherlands (Bekkenkamp, 2000; Gutman, 2004, p. liii; Hilbrink, 1988, 1989; Moore, 2010, p. 244)
A national organization for funding rescue and aid operations for Jews in the Netherlands. The NSF supported 4,237 Jews in hiding. They raised and distributed 4.5 million gilders. Between 75 and 100 gilders were used to support each individual Jew.
Vakgroup J (Section J)
Walraven Van Hall●, founder (Gutman, 2004, p. xxvi)
A. Krouwer (Jewish), member Jewish Council (Gutman, 2004, p. xxvi)
National War Fund, Inc., New York, NY, USA, established December 15, 1942 (Johnson, Arthur Menzies, Winthrop W. Aldrich: Lawyer, Banker, Diplomat. Boston: Harvard Univ. Grad. School of Business Administration, 1968, pp. 253-278. Seymour, Harold J., Design for Giving: The Story of the National War Fund, Inc., 1943-1947. New York: Harper, 1947. Harvard University, Graduate School of Business Administration Archive.)
Wnthrop W. Aldrich, president of the fund
Nationaltidende Newspaper Office, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp. 10, 253)
Provided an intelligence center for the Danish underground and rescue efforts, October 1943.
The Netherlands Association of Trade Unions (Nederlands Verbond van Vakverenigingen; Warmbrunn, 1963)
The largest trade union in Holland, it had 319,000 members before the Nazi occupation. Members distributed papers, found hiding places and provided aid and relief to Jews.
The Netherlands (Government)
Queen Wilhelmina
The Netherlands, Embassy to the Baltic States
L. P. J. de Decker, Dutch Ambassador to the Baltic States, 1940
Ambassador L. P. J. de Decker resided in Riga, Latvia. De Decker authorized honorary Dutch consul in Kovno, Lithuania Jan Zwartendijk to issue end visas to stranded Polish refugees in Lithuania. The end visa was for the Dutch islands of Surinam and Curacao in the Caribbean. This was a ruse to allow Jews to escape from Soviet occupied Lithuania, because an entry visa was not necessary to land in the Dutch possessions. Thousands of Jews thus escaped the Nazi Holocaust. (Sakamoto, Pamela R. Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). Zuroff, Efraim. “Attempts to obtain Shanghai permits in 1941: A case of rescue priority during the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Studies, 13 (1979), 321-351. Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 119.)
The Netherlands, Embassy, Paris, France
Herman Laatsman, Head of Chancery, 1940-41
Herman Laatsman was the Head of the Chancery in the Dutch Embassy in Paris, 1940-41. He was a courier contact between the Dutch government in exile in London and the underground in the Netherlands. He provided Jewish refugees with illegal passports that enabled them to escape Nazi-occupied France. He was also responsible for saving downed American pilots by issuing them false passports. In 1941, Nazis ordered the closure of the consulate. Laatsman was betrayed and was deported to several concentration camps. His 11-year old son, arrested with his father, disappeared.
The Netherlands, Embassy, Switzerland
The Dutch Embassy in Switzerland was active in helping to transfer funds from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee to the Jewish community in Holland. The money was forwarded to a Joddshe Coordinatie Commissie, which was headed by a Dutch Jew named J. Gans. The money was used to support Jews in hiding in Holland. (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), pp. 276-277.)
The Netherlands, Consulate, Toulouse, France
Dutch Consul in Toulose, France
The Netherlands, Consulate, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1940-1941, see also Japanese Consulate, Kovno, Russian consulate, Kovno (Dutch Foreign Ministry Archives)
Jan Zwartendijk●, Acting Dutch Consul in Kovno, Lithuania, 1940
Zwartendijk was the honorary Dutch Consul in Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania. He was the representative of the Phillips electronics company in Lithuania. He is credited with devising and pioneering the use of the “Curacao visa” in early July 1940. Zwartendijk issued end visas to the destinations of Curacao and Surinam, Dutch island possessions in the Caribbean. He is credited with saving thousands of lives. Jewish survivors nicknamed him “the Angel of Curacao.” Zwartendijk died in 1975. In 1997, he was awarded the Righteous Among the Nations honor by Yad Vashem. (Levine, Hillel. In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked His Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. (New York: Free Press, 1996), pp. 3, 146, 200-201, 231-235, 260. Sakamoto, Pamela R. Japanese Diplomats and Jewish Refugees: A World War II Dilemma. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998). Zuroff, Efraim. “Attempts to obtain Shanghai permits in 1941: A case of rescue priority during the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Studies, 13 (1979), 321-351.)
L. P. J. de Decker, see Netherlands, Embassy to the Baltic States
A. M. de Jong, Honorary Dutch Consul
Wolfgang Neuschmid Rescue Network, Innsbrück, Austria (Gutman, 2007, pp. 23-25)
Wolfgang Neuschmid● (b. 1901), head
Karl Dickbauer●, policeman
Anton Dietz●, Innsbrück Police Superintendent
Erwin Lutz●, policeman
Rudolf Moses●, prison employee
Maria Petrykiewicz●, hid Jews
Wanda Petrykiewicz●, hid Jews
Maria Stocker●, hid Jews
New School for Social Research, Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science, University in Exile, New York, USA, established 1933 (Morse, 1967, p. 294; Zucker, 2008; New School for Social Research, Office of the Dean of the Graduate Faculty; Johnson, Alvin, Pioneer’s Progress: An Autobiography. New York: Viking Press, 1952.)
Staffed by prominent European refugee scholars.
Alvin Johnson, president of New School
Else Staudinger
Nieuwlande (Drenthe) Rescue Group, Nieuwland, Netherlands (Gutman, 1990, pp. 401-402; Gutman, 2005; Yad Vashem)
More than 200 people of Nieuwland have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.
Arnold Douwes●+, founder
Johannes Post+*
Max Leons “Nico” (Jewish)
Nimes Committee, Nimes Coordination Committee (Comité des Camps Nimes), France, 1940-1945
The Nîmes Coordinating Committee, also known as the Camps Committee, was established in Toulouse, France, in November 1940. It was created as an umbrella organization of 25 refugee organizations to help coordinate the relief efforts in the French concentration camps in the Southern Zone. The Camps Committee provided food, medicine, clothing to the beleaguered refugees trapped in the French-run concentration camps. The conditions in the camps were abysmal, and the mortality rate in some cases reached 10% annually. The Nîmes Committee was run by a number of refugee and relief agencies, including the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), headed by Donald Lowrie, the American Friends’ Service Committee (Quakers), the Unitarians, under Dr. Charles J. Joy, the American Red Cross, Secours Suisse, French Red Cross, Secours National, CIMADE, SSAE and Amitié Chrétienne.
The Nîmes Committee worked closely with both the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) and HIAS, who helped support the operation. The Nîmes Committee also worked with a number of local consulates, particularly the Portuguese, Spanish, American, Chinese and Czech. They obtained valuable documents, including visas and transit papers, which enabled Jewish refugees to leave the camps and eventually escape Southern France.
There were six prominent Jewish organizations that participated in the rescue and relief activities with the Camps Committee. They included CCOJA, CAR, EIF, OSE, FSJ, HICEM, JDC. Joseph Weill and Julien Samuel worked with the Camps Commission and arranged for shipments of food and medicine into the French camps. Herbert Katzki and Joseph J. Schwartz, of the JDC, negotiated with French officials to alleviate the conditions in the camps and gain the release of refugees.
(American Friends’ Service Committee Archives, Philadelphia, PA; Nimes Committee Archives, Leo Baeck Institute, NYC; USHMM, Washington, Philadelphia; Unitarian Service Committee Archives, USHMM, Washington, DC; YIVO Archives NYC; Bauer, 1981, pp. 161-164; Brooks, 1942; Fry, 1945, pp. 18, 19, 80; Gourfinkel, 1953; Lazare, 1996, p. 294; Lemalet, 1993; Lowrie, 1963; Marrus & Paxton, 1981, pp. 162-163, 260, 261, 267; Rayski, 2005, pp. 107, 341n15; Ryan, 1996, pp. 90, 148-149, 152, 163, 167; Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010, pp. 66-68, 86, 88, 89, 93, 119, 131, 143, 153, 154, 155, 181-182)
Dr. Donald Lowrie (USA), head, also YMCA
Donald Lowrie was the North American director of the Young Men’s Christian Association. He later became the director of the World Service of the YMCA. Lowrie went to Southern France after the fall of Paris in the spring of 1940. Lowrie became head of the Coordination Committee for Relief Work in the Internment Camps, also known as the Nimes Committee, in 1940. The Nimes Committee was an umbrella organization for 25 rescue and relief agencies operating in the Marseilles area. The Nimes Committee was instrumental in helping to free hundreds of Jews and other refugees from the French concentration camps. In addition, the Nimes Committee provided reports to the Red Cross and to Jewish agencies about conditions in the concentration camps. Lowrie worked with a number of prominent diplomats in Southern France, including Bingham, Bosques, Vochoc and others. In addition, Lowrie obtained forged Cambodian and Portuguese visas. In 1942, he was involved in an attempted rescue of Jewish orphans in Southern France. At that time, he worked with American diplomat H. Pinkney Tuck.
(Fry, 1945; Lowrie, 1963; Ryan, 1996, pp. 148-149, 152, 167, 216; Subak, 2010)
Aid Operation for Children (OSE; French; Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010)
Dr. Olmer (Subak, 2010)
Julien Samuel (Jewish; Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010)
Vivette Samuel (Jewish; Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010)
Dr. Julien Weil (Jewish; Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010)
Dr. Wolf (Samuel, 2002; Subak, 2010)
American Friends of Czechoslovakia, USA (Lowrie, 1963; Subak, 2010)
Donald Lowrie (Lowrie, 2963)
American Friends Service Committee (AFSC; Quakers), USA (Archives, Philadelphia, US Holocaust Memorial Museum [USHMM], Washington, DC)
Clarence E. Pickett, (USA), executive director (Pickett, 1953)
Rufus Jones, (USA), chairman
Philip Conrad, (USA)
Henry Harvey, (USA)
Howard Kershner, (USA), Southern France
Princess Lieven, Southern France
Roswell M. McClelland, (USA), Southern France, later represented the War Refugee Board (WRB) in Europe
Majorie McClelland, (USA), Southern France
Lindsley Nobel, (USA), Southern France
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), USA (JDC Archives NYC; Bauer, 1981)
Herbert Katski, USA
Joseph Swartz, USA
Morris Troper, USA
Joseph C. Heyman, USA
Jules Jefronkin (Jewish)
Maurice Brenner (UGIF-South) (Jewish)
Joseph Croustillon
Shlomo Steinhorn (Jewish)
American Red Cross (ARC), USA (Fry, 1945)
Richard Allen (USA)
Amitié Chrétienne (Christian Friendship), Lyons, France (Gutman, 2003)
Father Pierre Chaillet (Samuel, 2002)
Cardinal Gerlier● (Gutman, 2003; Samuel, 2002)
Father Alexander Glassberg●, Direction de Centres d’Accueil (DCA; Gutman, 2003; Samuel, 2002)
Belgian Office
Catholic Centre d’Accueil
Central Jewish Committee of Relief Organizations (Commission Central des Organisations Juives d’Assistance; CCOJA)
Rabbi Schilli
Committee for Action on Behalf of Refugees (CIMADE; Comité Intermouvement après des Evacuees)
Medeline Barot●
Pastor Marc Boegner● (France)
Committee for Assistance to Refugees (Comité d’Aid aux Réfugies; CAR)
Czech Aid (Lowrie, 1963; Ryan, 1996, p. 148; Subak, 2010)
Donald Lowrie (YMCA), chairman, head Nimes Committee
Helen Lowrie (YMCA)
Consul Vladimir Vochoc
Joseph Fisera
Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), USA (National Archives and Records Administration [NARA], Federal Bureau of Investigation, State Department, State Department Decimal Files, Washington, DC, and College Park, MD; Varian Fry Papers, Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, NYC, NY; Miriam Davenport Ebel Papers, USHMM, Washington, DC; Fry, 1945; Marino, 1999)
Varian Fry● (USA), head (National Archives and Records Administration [NARA], Federal Bureau of Investigation, State Department, State Department Decimal Files, Washington, DC, and College Park, MD; Varian Fry Papers, Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, NYC, NY; Miriam Davenport Ebel Papers, USHMM, Washington, DC)
Daniel “Danny” Bénédite
Richard “Dick” Ball
Miriam Davenport
Charlie Fawcett+
Lena Fischman
Hans Fittko (“Johannes F.”; Fittko, 1991)
Lisa Fittko (Jewish; Fittko, 1991)
Bill Freir+ (Bill Spira; Fry, 1945)
Jean Gemahling (Fry, 1945)
Mary Jane Gold (Fry, 1945; Gold, 1980)
Mrs. Anna Gruss
Fritz Bedrich Heine●
Lucie Heymann
Franz “Franzi” von Hildebrand (Fry, 1945)
Otto Albert “Beamish” Hirschman (Jewish; Fry, 1945)
Heinrich Muller
Heinz Ernst “Oppy” Oppenheimer
Justus “Gussie” Rosenberg (Jewish)
Paul Schmierer (Fry, 1945)
Dr. Marcel “Monsieur Maurice” Verzeanu (Fry, 1945)
Jacques Weisslitz+ (Fry, 1945)
Charles Wolf+* (Fry, 1945)
European Student Relief
French Committee in Aid of Jewish Refugees (ORT)
French Jewish Scouts (EIF)
Claude Gutman (Samuel, 2002)
French Protestant Federation
French Red Cross
French Student Christian Association
Hebrew Immigrant Aid and Sheltering Society (HIAS-HICEM), USA (Bauer, 1981; Wischnitzer, 1956)
Edouard Oungre (Jewish)
International Migration Office
Mennonite Central Committee, USA (Ryan, 1996)
Nîmes Committee, Health Committee (Subak, 2010)
Pastor Toureille●, president of the Coordination Committee
Mr. DuBois, Secours Suisse
Mrs. DuBois, Secours Suisse
Dr. René Zimmer, head doctor, Unitarian Service Committee (USC; Subak, 2010; Weill, 2002)
Mr. Vaucher, Institute of Health Research
Dr. Joseph Weill, (Jewish) OSE (Subak, 2010; Weill, 2002)
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE), Society for Assistance to Children (Samuel, 2002; Zeitoun, 1990)
Noel Field, Unitarian Service Committee (USC)
Herta Field, Unitarian Service Committee (USC; Samuel, 2002)
Dr. René Zimmer, USC, chief physician (Samuel, 2002)
Dr. Joseph Weil (Samuel, 2002)
Dr. Malkin (Samuel, 2002)
Adrien Benveniste (Samuel, 2002)
Andrée Salomon Montpellier, OSE (Samuel, 2002)
Charles Lederman, Rivesaltes Camp (Samuel, 2002)
René Borel (Samuel, 2002)
Julien Samuel (b. 1912), director OSE Center, Marseilles, Les Milles Camp (Samuel, 2002)
Vivette Samuel, Rivesaltes Camp (Samuel, 2002)
Ruth Lambert, Gurs Camp
Joseph Milner, leader, Third Directorate (Health Department) UJIF
Organization for Reconstruction through Labor (ORT)
Personal Representative of Cardinal Gerlier●
Polish Red Cross
RELICO
Social Service for Aid to Emigrants (Service Social d’Aide aux Emigrants; SSAE; Samuel, 2002)
Swiss Aid for Children (Secours Suisse; Samuel, 2002)
Mr. and Mrs. DuBois
Elsa Ruth (Samuel, 2002)
Unitarian Service Committee (USC), USA, sixteen people worked in the USC office in Marseilles, France (Brooks, 1942; Subak, 2010)
Reverend Howard Lee Brooks, USA (Brooks, 1942; Subak, 2010)
Daniel “Danny” Benedite (ERC; Subak, 2010)
Robert C. Dexter, USA (Subak, 2010)
Elizabeth Dexter, USA (Subak, 2010)
Noel Field, USA (Subak, 2010)
Herta Field, USA (Subak, 2010)
Dr. Charles Joy, USA
Martha Sharpe●, USA
Waitstill Sharpe●, USA
Dr. René Zimmer, Health Committee (Jewish)
World Service of the Young Men’s/Women’s Christian Association (YMCA/YWCA), Marseilles office, headquarters USA; see also Czech Aid, Marseilles
Dr. Donald Lowrie (USA), head, Nimes Committee, Czech Aid
Helen Lowrie, Nimes Committee
French YMCA/YWCA
Individuals:
Dr. Donald Lowrie (USA), head of the YMCA, head of Czech Aid, head of the Nîmes Committee
Richard Allen (USA), American Red Cross
Daniel Bendite (France), ERC
Pastor Marc Boegner● (France; Comité Intermouvement après des Evacuees)
Auguste Bohny●, Le Secours Suisse
Friedel Bohony-Reiter●, Le Secours Suisse
Victoria Cordier●, Le Secours Suisse
Reverend Howard Brooks (USA), USC
Madam Chavoutier
Robert C. Dexter (USA), USC
Elizabeth Dexter (USA), USC
Maurice Ellen Dubois●, Secours Suisse
Dubois●, Secours Suisse
Noel Field (USA), USC
Herta Field (USA), USC
Varian Fry● (USA), ERC
Abbe Alexander Glassberg● (France; Lyons Catholic Archdiocese)
Dr. Ilse Hamburger
Dr. Charles Joy (USA), USC
Mrs. Kirbach
Mademoiselle Renee Lang (France)
Princess Lieven, AFSC/Quakers
Roswell McClelland, (USA), AFSC/Quakers
Marjorie McClelland, (USA), AFSC/Quakers
Rose Naëf●, Le Secours Suisse
Lindsey Nobel (USA), AFSC/Quakers
Dr. Olmer, OSE
Anne Marie Im Hof Piquet●, Le Secours Suisse
Mr. Rapopoulos
Frederic Reymond●, Le Secours Suisse
Julien Samuel, OSE (Jewish)
Martha Sharpe● (USA), USC
Waitstill Sharpe● (USA), USC Pastor Toureille (France)
Sebastian Steiger●, Le Secours Suisse
Pastor Tourille, President, Coordination Committee
Mr. Vaucher, Institute of Health Research, Health Committee
Dr. Julien Weil, OSE (Jewish)
Dr. Joseph Weill (Jewish)
Dr. Wolf, OSE
Dr. René Zimmer, USC, Health Committee (Jewish)
Nonantola, Village of, near Modena, Seminario Minore de Nonantola, Villa Emma Catholic Seminary, Nonantola, Modena Province, Italy, see also DELASEM
(Freier, 1961, pp. 64-68; Gutman, 2007, pp. 352, 389-390; Ithai (Indig), 1982 [Hebrew], cited in Zimmerman, 2008; Zimmerman, 2005, pp. 182-198; Zimmerman, 2002)
Thirty families in Nonantola, along with Catholic clergy and Jewish leaders, helped the refugee Jewish children to survive the war.
Father Arrigo (Ario) Beccari●, teacher, rector, San Pietro Church, Rubbiara, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title February 18, 1964 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 352)
Josef Indig (Jewish), Hashomer Hatzair, DELASEM
Dr. Giuseppe Moreali MD●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives)
Father Don Enio Tardini, teacher
Monsignor (Don) Ottaviano Pelati, rector
Goffredo Pacifici, DELASEM
Umberto Jacchia, DELASEM, Genoa
Marko Schoky, DELASEM
Boris Jochvedson (Jewish), DELASEM
Armand Moreno, DELASEM
Recha Freier (Jewish), founder, Youth Aliya
Josef Schleich, Graz, Austria
Nathan Schwalb (Jewish), director of Hehalutz Zionist Youth, Geneva, Switzerland
Police Inspector, Maribor
Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights, established 1933 as the American League for Defense of Jewish Rights by Samuel Untermyer (Gottlieb, Moshe. “The Anti-Nazi Boycott Movement in the American Jewish Community 1933-41.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis Univ., 1967. Reissner, Hanns G. “The American Anti-Nazi Boycott.” In Jubilee Volume Dedicated to Curt C. Silberman, Herbert A. Strauss and Hanns G. Reissner, Eds. New York: American Federation of Jews from Central Europe, 1969, pp. 60-79. Columbia University, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Archives.)
Non-Sectarian Committee, USA (Morse, 1967, pp. 253-254, 258-259)
The Nonsectarian Committee was created in 1940 for the purpose of facilitating the movement of twenty thousand German refugee children to the United States.
President Herbert Hoover, former President of the United States
Cardinal Mundelein, Chicago
Cannon Anson Phelps Stoke, Washington Cardinal
William Allen White
Owen D. Young, President, General Electric Company
Clarence Picket, Director Nonsectarian Committee, Chairman AFSC
Alf Landon, Former Governor of New York
Non-Sectarian Committee for German Refugee Children, USA, supported by American Friends Service Committee (AFSC; American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
Non-Sectarian Foundation for Refugee Children, USA, supported by American Friends Service Committee (AFSC; American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
Non-Sectarian Foundation for German Refugee Children, USA. Est.1940 (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Close, 1953; Davie, 1947; Duggan & Drury, 1948; Genizi, 1976; Genizi, 1983, pp. 96-136; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33, 1065-1066; Nawyn, 1981, pp. 159-181; Ross, 1981; Zucker, 2008)
Norwegian Evacuation Office, Norway (Persson, 2009, p. 84)
Norwegian Government in Exile (Abrahamsen, 1991)
Niels Christian Ditleff, Swedish Red Cross, Norwegian Representative to Sweden, Stationed in Stockholm, 1944-45, Minister in Warsaw, Poland, 1939
Niels Christian Ditleff was a diplomatic representative of the Norwegian government in exile in Stockholm, Sweden. In late 1944, Ditleff persuaded the Swedish Foreign Office to attempt a rescue of Norwegian Jews and non-Jews held in Nazi-occupied territory. See also Swedish Red Cross. (Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Persson, 2009, pp. 38, 40-41, 49-50, 55-58, 67-69, 72, 74-75, 83, 225; Yahil, L. “Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 189, 191, 193, 198-219. Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 38, 76, 119, 122, 126, 164, 270, 293. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), p. 271; Persson, 2009, pp. 38, 40, 43, 49-50, 55-58, 67-69, 72, 74-75, 83, 225, 255)
Norwegian Home Front, Norway
Norwegian Quakers, Oslo, Norway, rescue action (YV M31/10856, Sigrid Helliesen Lund interview; Cohen; Wright, 1974; Mendelsohn)
Warned Jews in Oslo about impending German action against them n November 25, 1945. Helped hide and shelter Jews during German occupation. Helped some to escape to neutral Sweden.
Myrtle Wright
Diderich Lund, chair, Children’s Committee for the Nansen Organization
Sigrid Helliesen Lund (YV M31/10856 Sigrid Helliesen Lund)
Nina Hasvold, director, Children’s Home
Dr. Caroline “Nic” Waal
Gerda Tanberg
Norwegian Red Cross (London), ICRC, active from 1942 (Abrahamsen, 1991; Persson, 2009, pp. 8, 37, 40))
Peter Anker
Norwegian Relief Centre, Hamburg, Germany (Abrahamsen, 1991; Persson, 2009, p. 39)
Aided Norwegian prisoners in Germany and in concentration camps. Gathered intelligence.
Arne Berge, Norwegian seaman’s chaplain (Persson, 2009, pp. 39-40)
Conrad Vogt-Svendsen (Persson,2009, pp. 39-40)
Norwegian Underground●, Norway (Gutman, 1990; Gutman, 2007, pp. xci, 418-421)
The Norwegian Underground saved nearly 1,000 Jews by helping them escape from Norway. The underground was officially recognized as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in June 1977.
Ingebjørg Sletten-Fosstvedt●, saved 14 Jewish children from an orphanage in Oslo and 40 other Jews by smuggling them to Sweden
Einar Wellen●, saved members of the Rosenberg family in Oslo, Norway
Notre Dame-de-Sion, Grenoble, France (Delpard, 1993; Moore, 2010, p. 276)
Worked with OSE to hide and shelter Jewish girls.
NV Group, see Anonymous Group (Naamloze Vennootschap)