Organizations Involved in Holocaust Rescue - Part 4 (I)

A-B          C-D          E-H           I           J-N          O-R           S           T-V          W-Z

Note: +arrested; †tortured; *killed; ●Righteous Among the Nations (honored by the State of Israel)

ICG Coordinating Foundation


Independence Front (Front de l’Independence; FI; Onafhankelijksfront [Flemish]), Communist, Belgium, est. March 15, 1941.  (Gutman, 1998, p. 165; Gutman, 2005, pp. xxiv-xxv; Moore, 2010, p. 175).

Founded March 15, 1941, by Fernand Demany.  Supported hiding, sheltering and helping Jews escape arrest and deportations to the death camps.  Helped Jews starting in the summer of 1942 during beginning of deportations.  Helped establish and supported Committee for the Defense of Jews in Belgium (Comité de Defense des Juifs en Belgique; CDJ).  Umbrealla organization for:

Solidarité (Solidariteit) Service

Worked with:

Comite de Vigilance des Intellectials Antifascists

Front Wallon

Belgian Communist Party


Independent Communist Hungarian Underground, see also Demény Group (Gutman, 2007, pp. 198-199)

Pál Demény●, head, Demény Group

Vera Demény, head, Demény Group


Industrial Board


Institut St. Martin, near Namur, Belgium (Gutman, 2005, p. 39; Yad Vashem Archives)

Dr. Fernand Arnold, MD●

Nelly Beyard Arnold●


Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA, chartered in 1930, opened in 1933 (Feingold, 1970, pp. 132, 138, 194)

Abraham Flexner, founding director, 1930-1939

Frank Aydelotte, director 1939-1947

Oswald Veblen, School of Mathematical Sciences


Institute of Design (New Bauhaus), Chicago, IL, USA, established 1937


Instituto Angelo Mai (Catholic), Rome, Italy


Intercollegiate Committee to Aid Student Refugees, Inc., established December 1938


Interfaith Committee on Refugees, France, established December 1938

Cardinal Verdier

Pastor Marc Boegner●

Grand Rabbi Israel Lévi

Francois Mauriac

Jacques Hellbronner (Jewish)

Professor Robert Debré


Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR), USA, HQ London, est July 1938. See also The Coordinating Foundation (Feingold, 1970, pp. 37-40, 42, 89, 115-116, 124; Morse, 1967, pp. 43, 52, 56, 59-61, 67, 74, 94-95, 214-215, 218-219, 228-231, 233, 236, 241, 244-248, 250-251)

The Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR) was founded during the Evian Conference in Evian, France, in 1938.  It remained largely inactive until it was revived during the Bermuda Refugee Conference in 1943.  Its purpose was to aid refugees who were forced to emigrate from Germany and Austria due to religious persecution, political persecution or for reasons of racial origins.

George Rublee, (USA), head

Herbert Emmerson, Great Britain


International Colonization Society, established 1938


International Commission for the Assistance of Spanish Child Refugees, Perpignan, France, established in February 1939 by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) to help children of Spanish Republican soldiers who fled to Southern France; also helped Jewish refugees; worked with ORT and OSE as well; see also American Friends Service Committee, France (Moore, 2010, p. 139)


International Committee for the Assistance of Child Refugees, USA (Bauer, 1981, p. 156)

Dr. Howard Kirschner, USA


International Committee for the Care of European Refugees (IC), “Komor Committee,” Shanghai, China (Kranzler, 1976)

Paul Komor, (Hungary), director (Komor Shanghai diaries in Visas for Life archives; Bauer, 1981, pp. 305, 311; Kranzler, 1976, pp. 95-96, 153, 299, 350, 395-396, 417, 435-436)

Before December 1941, Paul Komor held the title of Honorary Consul General for Hungary in Shanghai.  In 1938, when the first Jewish refugees fleeing the Holocaust arrived in Shanghai from Germany and Austria, Komor co-founded the International Committee for European Immigrants (IC).  The IC provided housing, jobs and financial assistance for the 20,000 Austrian, German and other Jewish refugees who came into Shanghai.  The IC also issued international passports to the Jews of Shanghai whose Nazi passports were confiscated or no longer valid.  These passports gave the refugees “legal” status so they could emigrate to the United States, Canada, Australia and elsewhere.  Komor was arrested by the Japanese occupation forces in Shanghai and was briefly held in jail for his activities on behalf of Jews.

Walter Frank, (Germany), secretary

Victor Sasson, philanthropist


International Committee for the Placement of Intellectual Refugees (Comité International pour le Placement d’Intellectuels Refugiés)

Marie Ginzburg, Switzerland


International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Switzerland

Red Cross by Country, including Belgian, French, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish, Swiss, Swedish, Turkish (Red Crescent), USA

Europe

Suzanne Ferrière, Delegate for the International Committee for the Red Cross

Suzanne Ferrière was a delegate for the International Committee for the Red Cross throughout Europe during the war.  She was also vice chair of the International Emigrant’s Aid Agency, which was part of the ICRC.  Ferrière traveled throughout Europe making inspections and writing detailed reports for the Red Cross regarding the conditions of Jews in Nazi-occupied territories.  Ferrière took an active interest in changing the rules and conventions regarding the policy of the Red Cross in aiding Jews.  Ferrière challenged the assumption that Jews could not be helped because they were political refugees and not civilian internees.  She was in favor of liberalizing the rules.  As such, she presented demarches in various locations throughout Europe in order to protect Jewish detainees under Nazi control.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 35, 60-61, 114.)

Southeastern Europe

Edouard Chapuisat, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Representative in Southeastern Europe, 1943-?

Edouard Chapuisat was the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Representative in Southeastern Europe in 1943.  In the spring of 1943, Chaupuisat led a mission in southeastern Europe to meet with heads of state, church leaders, Red Cross representatives in Croatia, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary.  The purpose of this mission was to aid Balkan Jews in emigrating to Palestine.  The Red Cross representatives in these countries noted that the Jews were persecuted by national and local leaders in those countries.  (Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 1231.  Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 27, 42, 71-72, 88, 109, 180, 186, 202-203, 205, 217-218, 234)

Austria

Dr. Lutz Thudichum, International Committee of the Red Cross, Vienna, Austria, 1944-45

Dr. Lutz Thudichum was the representative of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Vienna, 1944-45.  Thudichum was sent to Vienna at the end of 1944 with funds to buy food, clothing and supplies for the beleaguered Jews in Vienna.  Saly Mayer, of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee sent Thudichum 400,000 Swiss francs ($91,000).  Thudichum was able to purchase food and supplies in Bratislava and in Switzerland.  The fact that many Jews survived in Vienna has been credited to the work by Dr. Thudichum.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 449.  Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 255.)

Ernst Prodolliet● (Swiss), Bregenz

Ernst Prodolliet was the Swiss Consul in Bregenz, Austria, 1938-1939.  He personally issued visas and documents to Jews and accompanied them to the Swiss border to help them escape Austria after the Nazi Anschluss.  He worked closely with police captain Paul Grüninger, who allowed the Jews to cross into Switzerland at the border area of St. Gallen.  Prodolliet received Israel’s Righteous Among the Nations award in 1982 for his life saving activities.  (Swiss Federal Archives, Bern, Switzerland.  This information was provided by the Swiss Task Force in 2000.)

Belgium

France

Richard Allen (USA), Marsailles, 1940

Richard Allen, of the American Red Cross, stationed in Marseilles, France, helped many Jews escape to Spain and Portugal.  Allen helped Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee, and other relief agencies, in their efforts to help Jews escape.  Allen also coordinated with Czech diplomat Vladimir Vochoc to obtain precious Czechoslovakian visas used to escape.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. (New York: Random House, 1945). Marino, Andy. A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), p. 119.  Ryan, Donna F. The Holocaust and the Jews of Marseille: The Enforcement of Anti-Semitic Policies in Vichy France. (Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 1996).  Marrus, Michael, R., and Robert O. Paxton. Vichy France and the Jews. (New York: Basic Books, 1981).)

Maurice DuBois● (Swiss), Toulouse (Gutman)

Elenore DuBois (wife), Vichy (Gutman)

Dr. Morsen, International Committee of the Red Cross Delegate to the Swiss Legation in Paris, 1941

Dr. Morsen was the International Committee of the Red Cross delegate to the Swiss Legation in Paris in 1941.  Dr. Morsen and Dr. Roland Marti, who was the Berlin delegate of the ICRC, went on an extensive inspection trip to determine the conditions in French concentration camps Beaune-la-Rolande and Pithiviers.  They were appalled by the conditions in the camps.  They were able to provide aid to Jewish prisoners in these camps and worked to facilitate emigration for refugees out of France.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).)

Walter Stucki, see Swiss Red Cross

Germany

Count Folke Bernadotte (Swedish), see Count Folke Bernadotte Rescue/Relife Mission

Jean-Edouard Friedrich● (Swiss), Berlin, Germany

Jean-Edouard Friedrich (1912-1999) was a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross delegation in Berlin, Germany. The authority of this delegation, which was established in 1940, extended over all the territories of the Third Reich, including the General Government, as well as the occupied territories, notably the Netherlands, Belgium and France.  Friedrich helped a number of Jews enter Switzerland. He obtained papers for a young couple and accompanied them as far as the Swiss border, a story recounted by Lotte Strauss (1997). In Stuttgart, where he was posted, Friedrich escorted a young woman who was to be smuggled into Switzerland. They were spotted by the German police, whereupon Jean-Edouard Friedrich drew their attention and was caught, which allowed the refugees to escape and reach safety.  Friedrich was awarded Righteous Among the Nations status in 1999.

Roland Marti (Swiss), Berlin

Roland Marti was the International Red Cross representative stationed in Berlin, Germany.  He was active throughout the war in trying to help Jewish refugees and internees in concentration camps.  In September 1942, Marti petitioned the German government to treat Jews as “civilian internees,” who could then be helped by the Red Cross under the rules of the Geneva Convention.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 7, 26-27, 34-38, 40-43, 52, 58, 60, 65-70, 73, 96-97, 102, 145, 148, 151-152, 159, 161-164, 251-260. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 1230-1231.)

Marcel Junod (Swiss), Berlin

Robert Schirmer (Swiss), Berlin (see also Hungary)

Pierre Descoeudres, Berlin

Greece – Salonika

René Burkhardt (Swiss)

Hungary (Budapest), see also Sections A, B and T, International Committee for the Red Cross (Gutman)

Friedrich Born● (Swiss), director ICRC Hungary, 1944-45

Friedrich Born was the Chief Delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) of Switzerland in Budapest, Hungary.  He was sent to Budapest in May 1944.  During the period from May 1944 to January 1945, Born issued thousands of Red Cross letters of protection to Jews of Budapest.  He and his staff, along with numerous Jewish volunteers, are credited with retrieving thousands of Jews from deportation camps and death marches in and around Budapest.  Born provided an additional 4,000 Jews with employment papers, preventing their deportation.  He put over 60 Jewish institutions under Red Cross protection and housed over 7,000 Jewish children and orphans.  He worked closely with the other neutral diplomatic legations, and set up dozens of Red Cross protected houses.  Born’s Red Cross operation is credited with rescuing between 11,000 and 15,000 Jews in Budapest.  After the war, he was criticized for overstepping his authority in his rescue activities.  A postwar report completely vindicated Born’s actions and forced the Red Cross to reassess its wartime policies.  Born died in Switzerland in 1963.  Friedrich Born worked closely with Hans Weyermann.  Friedrich Born was declared Righteous Among the Nations by Israel in 1987. 

(Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.  Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 854, 899, 984, 1059, 1062-1063, 1092. Ben-Tov, Arieh. Facing the Holocaust in Budapest: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Jews in Hungary, 1943-1945. (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988). Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 258, 690, 703, 810, 925, 1232, 1253. Asaf, Uri. Christian support for Jews during the Holocaust in Hungary. In Braham, Randolph L. (Ed.) Studies on the Holocaust in Hungary, pp. 65-112. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 72. Lévai, Jenö. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. (Central European Times Publishing, 1948), pp. 386-387, 392. Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 52, 115, 192, 236-243, 248-250, 281. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust.  (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 228-229. Kramer, T. D. From Emancipation to Catastrophe: The Rise and Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry. (New York: University Press of America), pp. 246-249.)

Hans Weyerman, deputy director (Swiss), 1944-45

In December 1944, Hans Weyermann, Swiss Chargé of the International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC), arrived in Budapest and was active in the rescue work along with other neutral diplomats.  He was successful in keeping Jewish children from being placed in the Pest ghetto.  He was the assistant to Friedrich Born.  Weyermann worked closely with Jewish community leaders and set up a number of special Red Cross sections.  Born and Weyermann worked to protect and organize 150 clinics, hospitals, homes and other institutions in the winter of 1944-45.  The ICRC helped distribute thousands of Red Cross protective papers to Jews in Budapest.  Weyermann stayed in Hungary after Born’s departure from Budapest and continued to provide aid to Jewish refugees. 

(Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 854, 981, 1063, 1149. Lévai, Jenö. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. (Central European Times Publishing, 1948), pp. 381, 386-387, 391. Ben-Tov, Arieh. Facing the Holocaust in Budapest: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Jews in Hungary, 1943-1945. (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988), pp. 335, 339-344, 377-378. Asaf, Uri. Christian support for Jews during the Holocaust in Hungary. In Braham, Randolph L. (Ed.) Studies on the Holocaust in Hungary, pp. 65-112. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 107. Kramer, T. D. From Emancipation to Catastrophe: The Rise and Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry. (New York: University Press of America), pp. 249-250. Lévai, Jenö, translated by Frank Vajda. Raoul Wallenberg: His Remarkable Life, Heroic Battles and the Secret of his Mysterious Disappearance. (Melbourne, 1988, originally published in Hungarian in 1948). Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 242, 249, 250.)

Robert Schirmer (Swiss; see also Berlin, Germany)

Dr. Robert Schirmer was a member of the International Committee for the Red Cross.  He was sent to Budapest, Hungary, in July 1944.  He was sent to deliver a message protesting the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Hungarian head of state Horthy.  Schirmer was assigned to be the assistant to Friedrich Born.  After his arrival, he was given permission by Hungarian government officials to visit Jews who were arrested.  He later went to visit Hungarian concentration camps to ascertain that Jews were being properly treated.  Born and Schirmer brought aid and supplies and distributed food and medicine to Jews in protected homes.  Schirmer also sought to protect thousands of children awaiting departure from Budapest.  Born and Schirmer handed out hundreds of Red Cross letters of protection to Jews claiming any connection to Switzerland or the Red Cross delegation.  By late 1944, 15,000 people were in possession of Red Cross protective papers.  Schirmer also was responsible for setting up a delegation office in Vienna in the beginning of December 1944.  In Vienna, Schirmer and Lutz Thudichum were able to help more than 15,000 displaced Hungarian Jews who had been moved to Austria.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 115, 176, 192, 239, 241-242, 249, 255, 260-261.)

Nina Langlet●, see Swedish Red Cross

Waldemar Langlet●, see Swedish Red Cross

Asta Nilsson, see Swedish Red Cross

Jean de Bavier (Swiss)

Jean de Bavier was a Swiss member of the International Red Cross in Hungary.  He supported the activities of the Jewish Welfare Bureau (Pártfogó Iroda).  He was replaced by Friedrich Born.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 110, 234-236, 243, 248. Asaf, Uri. Christian support for Jews during the Holocaust in Hungary. In Braham, Randolph L. (Ed.) Studies on the Holocaust in Hungary, pp. 65-112. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), p. 74. Ben-Tov, Arieh. Facing the Holocaust in Budapest: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Jews in Hungary, 1943-1945. (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988), pp. 91-137, 139, 141, 167-170, 287, 331, 386-387, 389. Lévai, J. “Grey Book on the Rescuing of Hungarian Jews.” Budapest: Officina, 1946.)

Mária Kóla, see Swedish Protected Houses

Sandor (Alexander) Kasza-Kasser●, see Swedish Red Cross

Dr. Gyorgy Gergely, see also Hungarian Red Cross

Sarolta Lukács, see also Hungarian Red Cross

Baroness Gizella Apor, volunteer for ICRC

Baroness Apor worked as a nurse in the Honvéd Tiszti Hospital. She worked with Sándor Újváry and Ference Kálló.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 69. Hetényi, Varga K. “Those Who Were Persecuted Because of the Truth.” Ecclesia, Budapest, 1985.  Born, 1945; Braham, 1981, p. 1076. Lévai, J. “Grey Book on the Rescuing of Hungarian Jews.” Budapest: Officina, 1946.)

Istvan Békeffi, Section T, ICRC, Clothes-Collecting Company (Ruhagyüjtö Munkásszazád), rescue Jews from death marches to Hegyshalom, supplied and distributed food to Jews in Budapest (Braham, 1981, pp. 1135, 1167n230; Levai, Szürke Könyv, pp. 200, 203-206)

András Beregi (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Dezsö Billitzer (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Dr. Istvan Biro, Lawyer, Deputy for Transylvania, International Red Cross Volunteer, Budapest, 1944-45

Dr. Istvan Biro was a lawyer, member of the Hungarian Parliament and a volunteer worker for the International Red Cross in Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45. Biro worked with Sándor Ujváry, who worked with apostolic nuncio Angelo Rotta and his assistant, Father Gennaro Verolino.  They filled out hundreds of blank Vatican safe-conducts and distributed them to Jews at the Hungarian checkpoint in Hegyeshalom. As part of the Ujváry group, Biro faked certificates of baptism and other documents for Jews to rescue them from the Arrow Cross. They also distributed truckloads of medical supplies and food to Jews on deportations.  According to contemporary records, 4,700 Jews were returned to Budapest from deportation.  The Ujváry group was in constant danger from the Arrow Cross.  (Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).)

Andre Biss (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Hansi Brand (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Daisy Daranyi, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945)

András Fenyö (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Dr. Ferenczy, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945)

József Gal, Head Economic Bureau(Born, 1945)

Sándor Groszman (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

István Gyürk, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945)

Alice Herceg (Born, 1945)

Lajos Hess●, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945; Gutman)

Mrs. Lajos Hess●, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945; Gutman)

Irén Homonnay●  (Born, 1945; Gutman)

Maria Homonnay● (Born, 1945)

Dr. Boldizsár Horváth, Head of Doctor’s Commission(Born, 1945)

Artur Kárász (Born, 1945)

Sára Karig (Born, 1945)

Reszo Kasztner (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Dr. Géza Kiss●  (Born, 1945; Gutman)

István Komlós, Section T, ICRC, Clothes-Collecting Company (Ruhagyüjtö Munkásszazád), rescue Jews from death marches to Hegyshalom, supplied and distributed food to Jews in Budapest (Braham, 1981, pp. 1135, 1167n230; Levai, Szürke Könyv, pp. 200, 203-206)

Otto Komoly+* (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A

(Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Dr. László Konrády, MD●  (Born, 1945; Gutman)

Pastor Emil Koren●, Volunteer for the International Red Cross, Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45

Pastor Emil and Magda Koren were volunteers for the International Red Cross in Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45.  They participated in the rescue of Jewish children through the offices of the International Red Cross.  They were declared Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1988.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 87; Born, 1945; Gutman)

Magda Koren●, Volunteer for the International Red Cross, Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45

Pastor Emil and Magda Koren were volunteers for the International Red Cross in Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45.  They participated in the rescue of Jewish children through the offices of the International Red Cross.  They were declared Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1988.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 87; Born, 1945; Gutman)

Pál Kovács, Lawyer, Volunteer for the International Red Cross, Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45

Pál Kovács was tasked by Friedrich Born to negotiate with the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior to prevent Jewish children from being transferred from the Red Cross homes to the ghetto.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 88;  Born, 1945;  Sztehló, Gábor. “In God’s Hand.” (Budapest: A Magyarországi Evangelikus Egyház Sajtóosztálya, 1986).)

Antal Lukács●+, ICRC volunteer (Born, 1945; Gutman)

Sarolta Lukács, see Hungarian Red Cross

Elek Máthé●+  (Born, 1945; Gutman, 1990)

Klára Máthé (Born, 1945)

Sholom Offenbach (Jewish), member Budapest Vaada (Rescue Committee), Department A (Braham, 1981, pp. 1163n189; Lavai, 1948; Vágó, “Budapest Jewry in the Summer of 1944,” Yad Vashem Studies, 8, 81-105; Majsai & Schmidt, “Komoly Ottó naplója, 1944” [Otto Komoly’s Diary, 1944], in A Ráday gyüjtemény évkönyve, III. 1983 [Yearbook of the Ráday Collection, III, 1983], Budapest, 1984, 238-305;  Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Rozett, Robert, “Child Rescue in Budapest, 1944-5,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, London, 2, no. 1 (1987): 49-59.)

Professor Janos Papp, Section B, Budapest, 1944-45

Professor Janos Papp volunteered for Section B of the International Red Cross, which established a special department for the feeding, housing and protection of Jewish children in Budapest.  Section B provided emergency safe houses for Jews, and worked closely with Valdemar Langlet of the Swedish Red Cross.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 93; Born, 1945; Braham, 1981, p. 584.)

Dr. János Pétery, Volunteer, International Red Cross, Section B, Budapest, 1944-45

Dr. János Pétery volunteered for Section B of the International Red Cross, which established a special department for the feeding, housing and protection of Jewish children in Budapest.  Section B provided emergency safe houses for Jews, and worked closely with Valdemar Langlet of the Swedish Red Cross.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 95. Braham, 1981, p. 1052.)

István Rádi, Section T, ICRC, Clothes-Collecting Company (Ruhagyüjtö Munkásszazád), rescue Jews from death marches to Hegyshalom, supplied and distributed food to Jews in Budapest (Braham, 1981, pp. 1135, 1167n230; Levai, Szürke Könyv, pp. 200, 203-206)

Father Jacob Raile●  (Braham, 1981; Gutman, 1990)

Adorján Stella, Section T, ICRC, Clothes-Collecting Company (Ruhagyüjtö Munkásszazád), rescue Jews from death marches to Hegyshalom, supplied and distributed food to Jews in Budapest (Braham, 1981, pp. 1135, 1167n230; Levai, Szürke Könyv, pp. 200, 203-206)

Laszlo Szamosi, Volunteer for the International Red Cross and the Spanish Legation, Budapest

Laszlo Szamosi worked for the Spanish legation in Budapest and the International Red Cross in Section A.  He worked to help save Jewish children during the Arrow Cross raids of late 1944.  (Born, 1945; Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 1243-1244, fn 157.)

Count László Szapáry (Asaf, 1990, p. 101)

Maria Székely, Volunteer Secretary of József Éliás

Mária Székely translated and helped distribute the Auschwitz Protocols document.  She also worked with Friedrich Born of the International Red Cross. (Szenes, S. “Unfinished Past.” Budapest: Author, 1984.  Asaf, 1990, p. 101; Born, 1945)

Pastor Gábor Sztehló●, Evangelical Minister, Volunteer, International Red Cross, Section B, and Member of the Good Shepard Committee, Budapest, 1944-45

Reverend Sztehló volunteered for and supervised Section B of the International Red Cross, which established a special department for the feeding, housing and protection of Jewish children in Budapest.  Section B provided emergency safe houses for Jews, and worked closely with Valdemar Langlet of the Swedish Red Cross and Friedrich Born of the International Red Cross.  Sztehló also smuggled Jewish children out of the Pest ghetto.  He was responsible for saving more than one thousand Jewish children during the last months of the German occupation. Sztehló was honored by Yad Vashem as Righteous Among the Nations in 1972.  (Asaf, 1990, p. 103. Szenes, S. “Unfinished Past.” (Budapest: Author, 1984). Sztehló, Gábor. “In God’s Hand.” (Budapest: A Magyarországi Evangelikus Egyház Sajtóosztálya, 1986). Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 855, 1052-1053, 1056, 1062.  Gutman)

Ernö Teleki, Head, Hospital Bureau, International Red Cross, Budapest

Ernö Teleki worked with Friedrich Born helping Jewish refugees in the Hospital Bureau of the International Red Cross.  (Braham, R. L., “The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary.” New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. Asaf, 1990, p. 104; Born, 1945)

Kálmán Tisza, Volunteer with the International Red Cross, Budapest

Kálmán Tisza worked with Friedrich Born helping Jewish refugees in the Hospital Bureau of the International Red Cross.  (Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 7, 12. Asaf, 1990, p. 104; Born, 1945)

Edit Tölgyessy, Volunteer with the International Red Cross, Budapest

Edit Tölgyessy worked with Friedrich Born helping Jewish refugees in the Hospital Bureau of the International Red Cross.  (Braham, R. L., “The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary.” New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. Asaf, 1990, p. 104; Born, 1945)

Géza Tolnay, Volunteer with the International Red Cross, Budapest

Géza Tolnay worked with Sándor Újváry helping Jewish refugees as a volunteer for the International Red Cross.  (Lévai, J. “Grey Book on the Rescuing of Hungarian Jews.” Budapest: Officina, 1946. Asaf, 1990, p. 105; Born, 1945;  Braham, 1981, p. 1128.)

Sándor (Alexander) Újváry●, Department of Cooperation, head Section T (Transportation Department and Clothes Collection Department), ICRC, Vatican Nuncio’s Office (Gutman, 2007, p. 334)

Sándor György Ujváry was a Budapest journalist of Jewish ancestry.  Ujváry was a major rescuer and organizer for the International Red Cross in Budapest, Hungary, 1944-45. He was one of the most successful rescuers of Jews in Budapest, especially rescuing Jews from the death marches to Hegyeshalom.  Ujváry worked with apostolic nuncio Angelo Rotta and took hundreds of blank Vatican safe-conducts, along with truck convoys of medical supplies and food, to Jews on deportations.  Further, Ujváry faked certificates of baptism and other documents for Jews to rescue them from the Arrow Cross. Ujváry was declared Righteous Among the Nations in 1985. 

(Born, Friedrich, Bericht an das Internationale Komitee vom Roten Kreuz in Genf [Report to the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva], Geneva, June 1945, pp. 34-36.  Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 841, 998, 1075-1076. Lévai, J. “Hungarian Jewry and the Papacy.” London: Sands and Company, 1968. Lévai, J. “Grey Book on the Rescuing of Hungarian Jews.” Budapest: Officina, 1946. Lévai, Jenö. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. (Central European Times Publishing, 1948), pp. 371-374. Ben-Tov, Arieh. Facing the Holocaust in Budapest: The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Jews in Hungary, 1943-1945. (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988). Rosenfeld, Harvey. Raoul Wallenberg, Angel of Rescue: Heroism and Torment in the Gulag. (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books), chapter 5.)

Tibor Verebély

Cornell Wehner (Born, 1945, pp. 54-55; Braham, 1981, p. 1275n9)

Dr. György Wilhelm, volunteer leader of the Section T “Clothes Collecting Company” (Ruhagyüjtö Munkasszázao), International Red Cross, Budapest

Dr. György Wilhelm worked with the International Red Cross as a transportation coordinator in helping to rescue Jews. Wilhelm was also responsible for providing refugees with legitimations and housing.  Worked closely with Sándor György Újváry.  (Lévai, Jenö. Black Book on the Martyrdom of Hungarian Jewry. (Central European Times Publishing, 1948), pp. 389-390. Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), pp. 344, 998, 1063.  Born, 1945; Braham, 1991, pp. 1135, 1167n230)

Italy

Hans Bon, International Committee of the Red Cross Representative in Northern Italy, 1944

Hans Bon was the International Committee of the Red Cross Representative in Northern Italy.  Bon negotiated secretly with SS General Karl Wolff to suspend the deportations of Jews in Italy.  (Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Vol. 4, (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 1233.)

Count de Salis, Rome, International Committee of the Red Cross, Rome, Italy, 1943

Count de Salis, of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), with the help of Father Marie-Bénoit, helped save a child from the Gestapo.  (Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974), pp. 399-400.)

Red Cross Legation in Rome

Father Marie-Benoit, under the auspices of DELASEM, obtained protective documents for Jews from the Red Cross legation in Rome.  These documents protected Jews, at least in part, from deportation.  (Chadwick, Owen. “Weizsäcker, the Vatican, and the Jews of Rome.” In Michael Marrus (Ed.), The Nazi Holocaust: Historical Articles on the Destruction of European Jews. (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1989), pp. 1281-1282.)

The Netherlands

Ernst Prodolliet● (Swiss), see also Austria (Gutman)

Red Cross Legation in Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The office of the International Red Cross in Amsterdam helped send cables to Jewish organizations in Switzerland and Palestine for help.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 276.)

Romania

Karl “Charles” Kolb (Swiss), International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), stationed in Romania, 1943-1945

Karl “Charles” Kolb was the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) representative stationed in Romania in 1943-1945.  He was sent to Bucharest in November 1943 by the Red Cross.  He made numerous inspections of Jewish conditions in Transnistria and brought relief and assistance to Jewish survivors of actions there.  In the spring of 1944, he attempted to organize and evacuation and rescue of the surviving Jews to Palestine.  This evacuation escape route was planned to be through the Black Sea to Turkey.  Kolb was helped in the planning by the Romanian Red Cross, Jewish relief organizations, the Swiss minister in Romania René de Weck, and the American War Refugee board.  Together, they provided food, medical supplies and other relief for Romanian refugees.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), pp. 346, 349-350, 352.  Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 52, 110-115, 203-215, 243, 250. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 1231. Vago, Bela. “Political and Diplomatic Activities for the Rescue of the Jews of Northern Transylvania.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 167, 170. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), pp. 409-410.  Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), p. 587. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust.  (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 161-162, 166, 169, 170, 172. Lavi, T. Rumanian Jewry in World War II: Fight for Survival. (Jerusalem, 1965). Hebrew.  Lavi, T. (Ed.). Rumania, Vol. 1.  In Pinkas Hakehillot, Encyclopaedia of Jewish Communities. (Jerusalem, 1969). Hebrew. Lavi, T. “Documents on the struggle of Rumanian Jewry for its rights during the Second World War.” Yad Vashem Studies, 4 (1960), 306-307.  Dworzecki, Meir, “The International Red Cross and its Policy Vis-à-Vis the Jews in Ghettos and Concentration Camps in Nazi-Occupied Europe,” in Gutman, Y., and E. Zuroff (Eds.). Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, 3-11 April, 1974. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 100-101.)

Vladimir de Steiger (Swiss), Delegate to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Transnistria, 1943-1944,  see ICRC, Transnistria

Slovakia

Georges Dunand, International Red Cross, stationed in Slovakia

Georges Dunand was the International Red Cross representative stationed in Slovakia in 1944-1945.  He was sent to Slovakia in October 1944 to help the remaining Jewish survivors.  Many of the Jewish survivors were in hiding in Bratislava.  There, he was helped by two Swiss consular officials, Max Grässli, the Consul General, and Hans Keller, Vice Consul.  Consul General Grässli and his wife hid Jews in their home.  When the Grässli’s left, Dunand moved into their apartment and continued to hide Jews there.  Dunand also worked with Zionist youth leader Jurag Revesz.  In addition, Dunand distributed money to Jewish refugee organizations. Dunand was one of the few Red Cross representatives to publish his memoirs.  It was called Ne perdez pas leur trace! [Don’t lose track of them], (Geneva, 1950).  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 448.  Dunand, Georges.  Ne perdez pas leur trace.  Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 184, 187-197, 250. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 241, 370, 1232. Rothkirchen, Livia. “Vatican Policy and the ‘Jewish Problem’ in ‘Independent’ Slovakia (1939-1945).” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 51. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), pp. 394-395, 405, 445. Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), pp. 499, 545-546, 705.  AG, G59/2, letter from Dunand of 18 December 1944.)

Transnistria

Vladimir de Steiger, Delegate to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Transnistria, 1943-1944

Vladimir de Steiger was the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) delegate in charge of protecting Transnistrian Jews in Romania.  He encouraged the Romanian Red Cross to organize transportation to Istanbul to secure safe conduct papers and get ships and other craft to escape the Nazis.  This was outside of the stated mission of the ICRC.  Steiger worked with ICRC representative Karl Kolb and Swiss Minister in Romania René de Weck.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust, pp. 101, 106, 109-110, 213, 215. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Lavi, T. “Documents on the struggle of Rumanian Jewry for its rights during the Second World War.” Yad Vashem Studies, 4 (1960), 261-315.)

Turkey

Gilbert Simond, Representative of the International Red Cross, Ankara, Turkey, 1943-1945?

Gilbert Simond was the representative of the International Red Cross in Ankara, Turkey.  He worked to help Jewish refugees escape from eastern Europe to Turkey.  The British provisionally agreed to allow Jews already in Turkey to enter Palestine.  Simond worked with the Jewish Agency for Palestine (Yishuv) to arrange forimmigration visas.  He worked with the representative of the War Refugee Board, Ira Hirschmann, the Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, and with US Ambassador to Turkey Laurence Steinhardt.  (Favez, Jean-Claude.  Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 110-112, 115, 210-211, 213-214, 243.)

USA

Alfred Zollinger, US Representative of the International Red Cross in the United States, 1944?

Alfred Zollinger was the representative of the International Red Cross in the United States.  He delivered a communication from the Red Cross in Geneva that “the Hungarian government had announced its readiness to enable the emigration of certain categories of Jews and has announced its readiness to assist in this matter.”  Through Zollinger, the Red Cross requested the US issue entry visas to the United States.  As a result, the US Undersecretary of State, Edward Stettinius, Jr., sent a memorandum to various consulates in Europe requesting that the local consuls appeal to local governments where they were posted asking them to consent to receive children from Hungary and France.  As a result, several governments issued temporary visas to potential immigrants, including Switzerland, Sweden, Spain and the Vatican.  (Dworzecki, Meir, “The International Red Cross and its Policy Vis-à-Vis the Jews in Ghettos and Concentration Camps in Nazi-Occupied Europe,” in Gutman, Y., and E. Zuroff (Eds.). Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust: Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, 3-11 April, 1974. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 102-103.)


International Institutes, New York, NY, USA, established 1910


International Migration Service (Zucker, 2008, pp. 12, 13, 67, 119)


International Refugee Organization (IRO; Gutman, 1990, pp. 379, 389, 1540)


International Relief Association, USA, established 1933, see International Rescue and Relief Committee

Reinhold Niebuhr


International Rescue and Relief Committee, USA, established 1942, merged with the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), NY, in spring of 1942 (Marino, 1999, p. 318.  International Rescue Committee, They Chose Freedom: Thirty Years of the IRC, 1933-1964. New York, 1963.  Romanofsky, Social Service Organizations, pp. 362-367.  Wetzel, American Rescue.  State Univ. of New York at Albany)


International Rescue Committee, New York, NY, USA, established 1940, later Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), USA, see Emergency Rescue Committee

(Fry, 1945; Marino, 1999; International Rescue Committee, They Chose Freedom: Thirty Years of the IRC, 1933-1964. New York, 1963.  Romanofsky, Social Service Organizations, pp. 362-367.  Wetzel, American Rescue.  State Univ. of New York at Albany.)

Frank Kingdon, leader

Elmer Davis, USA

Robert M. Hutchins, USA

Dr. George Shuster, USA

Dorothy Thompson, USA (Feingold, Henry. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust, 1938-1944. (New Brunswick, NJ:(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1970), pp. 23, 60.  Thompson, Dorothy.  Refugees, Anarchy or Organization. (New York: Random House, 1938).  Thompson, Dorothy.  Let the Record Speak.  (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939).  Thompson, Dorothy.  “Refugees, A World Problem,” Foreign Affairs, XVI (April 1938).  Wyman, David S. The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945. (New York: Pantheon, 1984), pp. 63-64, 172, 263, 320.)

Dorothy Thompson was a famous journalist who wrote numerous articles regarding the plight of refugees during World War II.  She generally raised consciousness abut refugees and has been credited with being the catalyst for the Evian conference in 1938.


International Rescue Union


International Solidarity Fund (ISF), Great Britain. (British Labor Party-Trades Union Council). Est. 1933


International Student Service, Student Christian Movement, Geneva, Switzerland (Gutman, 1990, pp. 1107-1108)

James William Parkers (1896-1981), helped Jews escape Nazi Germany


International Union for the Rescue of Children (Union International de Secours aux Enfants), Switzerland


Ireland

Briscoe, Irish Diplomat

US Diplomat Harry Clinton Reed stated in a report dated May 17, 1949: “during the Hitler regime Briscoe was instrumental in smuggling an undetermined number of Central European Jewish refugees into Ireland.  When confronted by the Government authorities with proof that over 300 of these persons had illegally entered Ireland through his good offices, he staunchly denied it and has never admitted that he was engaged in this traffic.”  (Wyman, David S. (Ed.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 654.)

De Valera

De Valera instructed Thomas J. Kiernan, Ireland’s diplomatic envoy to the Vatican, to intervene on behalf of Jews both in Hungary and in Slovakia.  De Valera secretly supported the Allied powers during the war.  In addition, he supported the Irish Jewish community.  (Wyman, David S. (Ed.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 654.)

Thomas J. Kiernan, Ireland’s Envoy to the Holy See (Vatican)

Thomas J. Kiernan was the Envoy of Ireland to the Vatican and the Holy See.  He attempted to intervene on behalf of Jews in Hungary and Slovakia.  His intervention was not successful.  (Wyman, David S. (Ed.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 654.)

Monsignor Hugh O’Flaherty, Ireland

Father O’Flaherty helped escaped prisoners of war and Jews in Rome, 1943.  He led a group that gave out false identities and hid refugees throughout Rome.  (Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).  Tittmann, Harold H., Jr., Harold H. Tittman III (Ed.). Inside the Vatican of Pius XII: The Memoir of an American Diplomat During World War II. (New York: Image Books Doubleday, 2004), pp. 97, 189-190.)


Italian Government Officials

Alessandro Pavolini, Party Secretary (Michaels, 1978, pp. 329, 348-349, 358)

Tullio Tamburini, Chief of Police, protected Jews by exempting them from arrest (Michaels, 1978, pp. 349, 351, 380-381, 394)

Giuseppi Botai, Minister of Education (Michaels, 1978, pp. 170, 178, 188, 258, 273, 341)

Guido Buffarini-Guidi, Minister (Secretary) of the Interior (De Felice,Storia Degli Ebrei Italiani, pp. 434-438; Michaels, 1978, pp. 136, 178, 234, 255-256, 274-275, 341, 348-351, 372, 378,382, 385, 387, 390, 405, 419)

Protested “illegal” deportation by Germans of Jews in Italy.  Ordered Italian camp not to turn over Jews to the SS.  Tried to stop racial laws against Jews.


Italian Army, Zone of Occupation (Carpi, 1981, pp. 25-62; Carpi, 1972, pp. 465-526; Poliakov, 1955; Gutman, 2007, p. 380)

Croatia-Yugoslavia

Three Corps of the Italian Second Army

Fifth Corps of the Italian Second Army

Sixth Corps of the Italian Second Army

Eighteen Corps

Dr. Arturo Gatti, MD●

Victtorio Ambrosio, General, Italian Second Army, Croatia, 1942, and Chief of Staff, Italian Army, 1943

General Vittorio Ambrosio of the Italian Second Army was responsible for the rescue of a large number of Jews in Croatia by soldiers under his command.  In a report, General Ambrosio stated, “The Command of the Second Army, being fully informed of everything that was happening in the Second and Third Zone (of the Italian occupation area) not only acquiesced in all that its officers, N.C.O.’s and men were doing to save the lives of thousands of Serb Orthodox Catholics and Jews, but did nothing to hinder them using military transport for this purpose.”  Later, as Chief of Staff of the Italian Army, Ambrosio supported efforts to rescue Jews in the Italian occupied zones.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 494-496.  Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), p. 82, 110, 117, 122, 124, 131-133, 135, 137, 155, 311n.21. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209, 221. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 34, 133. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 45, 126-127. Zuccotti, 1987, p. 123. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 308, 338.)

Giuseppe Amico, General, Commander of the "Marche Division," Croatia, 1942-

General Giuseppe Amico, Commander of the “Marche Division” in Croatia, was a wholehearted supporter of Italian military efforts to rescue Jews in the Italian zone of occupation in Croatia.  Amico was killed by the Germans in his efforts to save Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff, pp. 465-526. (Jerusalem, 1977).  Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209-210.)

Vittorio Castellani, Italian Second Italian Army, Liaison Officer to the Foreign Ministry, Croatia, 1941-1943

Vittorio Castellani was a Liaison Officer to the Italian Second Army at its Sussak headquarters in occupied Croatia.  He worked closely with General Roatta and shared his ideas in the protection of Jews.  He saved Jewish lives by initiating inventive stalling tactics to delay and impede the Nazi deportations from the Italian zone of occupation.  There, he worked closely with Ambassador Roberto Ducci and Superintendent of the Occupied Territories Count Luca Pietromarchi, who also participated in these life-saving activities.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 476-481, 488, 492.  Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Herzer, 1989, p. 209. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 51, 54, 59-60, 74-75, 168.)

General Castellano, Assistant Chief of Staff, Italian Army, Southern France, 1942-43

General Castellano, the Assistant to the Chief of Staff of the Italian Army in southern France, helped in the protection of Italian Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 132, 142, 292n.93.)

General Paride Negri, General Commanding Italian Occupation Forces, Croatia, 1942-

In August 1942, the Italian military commander in Croatia, General Paride Negri, found out that the Ustasha had signed an agreement with the Nazis to turn over Jews for deportation to the death camps.  This was done without informing authorities in Rome.  As Italian military commander, Negri resisted this deportation plan.  He said to the local German commander, “Oh, no, that is totally impossible, because the deportation of Jews goes against the honor of the Italian army.”  This promulgated a diplomatic incident that was taken up at the highest levels in the German and Italian Foreign Ministries.  Eventually, the ruling by the Italian Foreign Ministry was in favor of protection of Croatian Jews.  An order was given by Negri not to cooperate with the deportations and murder.  Many thousands of Jews were thus saved.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff, pp. 465-526. (Jerusalem, 1977).  Herzer, 1989, p. 209.)

General Mario Roatta, Commander of the Second Italian Army in Croatia, 1941-1942

General Mario Roatta, Commander of the Italian Second Army in Croatia, was instrumental in saving thousands of Jews in Croatia.  He was one of the first military commanders to report to higher headquarters that cooperation with the Ustasha and the German forces in the deportation of Jews would mean the murder of these Jews.  Roatta condoned the safe transportation of Jews from the German zone to the Italian military zones.  General Roatta refused to turn over Jews to the Ustasha or Nazi authorities.  This action in Croatia created a rift in German-Italian relations in Yugoslavia.  The decision to deport Jews would be referred to Mussolini.  (Roatta, Mario. Otto milioni di baionette: L’esercito italiano in guerra dal 1940 al 1944. (Milan, 1946). Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 471-472, 476, 478-481, 487-489, 492-494. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), pp. 367, 370. Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), pp. 515-516. Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209-212. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 138-139, 163, 166, 176. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 3, 53-54, 59-63, 75, 83-84, 169. Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 121-123. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 263, 305.)

General Mario Robotti, Commander of the Italian Second Army, Croatia, 1942-

General Mario Robotti was the successor to General Mario Roatta in Croatia.  Robotti, Commander of the Italian Second Army, vigorously protested the surrender of Croatian Jews to the Ustasha and German authorities.  He authorized his forces not to participate in actions that would allow Jews to be handed over to the Nazis.  Mussolini had initially agreed to cooperate in the deportation of the Jews of Croatia.  Later, Robotti met with Mussolini and convinced him that cooperating with the Germans meant that the Jews would be murdered.  Mussolini explained to Robotti, “I had no alternative but to yield to von Ribbentrop’s nagging.  Now it is your turn to find a way to circumvent it.  Say that because of partisan activity there are transport difficulties, or something like that.”  As a result of Robotti’s intervention, thousands of Jews were saved.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 495-496. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209, 214. Michaelis, 1978, p. 331. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 147-148. Steinberg, 1990, p. 122. Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 78, 123. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 331.)

Colonel Luigi Supino, Italian Second Army, Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 1942

Colonel Supino rescued several Jewish families from the Ustasha, the Yugoslav Nazis, at Karlovac, near Zagreb, in Yugoslavia in 1942.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff, pp. 465-526. (Jerusalem, 1977).  Caracciolo, 1986, p. 140.)

Southern France

Italian Fourth Army

General Castellano

General Carlo Avarna di Gualtieri, Representative of the Italian Supreme Commander at Vichy, 1943

General Avarna di Gualtieri, representative of the Italian Supreme Commander at Vichy in 1943, prevented arrests and deportations of Jews in Vichy France.  He sent a stiff note to Marshal Petain's Chief of Staff telling him that arrests would not be allowed "whether they are Jews of Italian, French, or foreign nationality.  These measures belong exclusively to the competence of the Italian military occupation authorities.  For this reason, the Italian Supreme Commander requires the French Government to annul all arrests and internments which have been ordered up to now."  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 82, 122-124, 126, 128, 154-156, 275n.9. Herzer, 1989,p. 221. Marrus & Paxton, 1981, pp. 317-318. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 85-86 [Document 18, annex 1], 87 [Document 18, annex 2], 88 [Document 18, annex 3]. Poznanski, 2001, p. 388. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 309.)

General Alessandro Trabucchi, Operations Officer, Fourth Italian Army, Southern France, 1942

On December 30, 1942, General Trabucchi, the Operations Officer of the Fourth Italian Army, informed the corps commanders of the Italian Army that “The Supreme Command had ordered to forbid the prefects to carry out the internments of people of the Jewish race.”  Trabucchi then ordered all Italian forces “to intervene in order to avoid any eventual attempt by the French authorities to put into execution the orders of the Vichy government” regarding the deportation of Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 82, 89, 136-137, 275n.8.)

General Mario Vercellino, Italian Fourth Army, Southern France, 1943

General Mario Vercellino of the Italian Fourth Army protected Jews in his area of command and control in southern France.  In February 1943, French Vichy police began widespread arrests of foreign Jews, including three departments in the Italian zone: Savoie, Haute-Savoie and Drôme.  Vercellino asked the Italian general staff for permission to order French prefects to release Jews from arrest and internment, with the explicit warning that if they did not obey, they themselves would be placed under arrest.  When the French police were slow in releasing the prisoners, Italian commanders sealed off the local police stations to prevent the deportation of the Jews and obtain their release.  These interventions by Italian military authorities were highly effective in preventing deportations of Jews.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), p. 82, 114, 121-122, 293n.96. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 113-114, 128. Zuccotti, 1987.)

Lieutenant Malfati

Greece

General Tripiccone, Stationed in Salonika, Greece, 1942-43

General Tripiccione was one of the senior Italian military officers stationed in Salonika, Greece.  He refused to cooperate in the roundup and deportation of Jews there.  (Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew.)

Hungary

General Delera, Italian Military Attaché, Italian Embassy, Budapest, Hungary

General Delera was the Military Attaché at the Italian legation in Hungary in 1943.  At the request of Jewish community leaders and the Joint, he went to try to persuade the Italian Foreign Ministry to intercede to stop the deportation of Jews in Hungary.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 363.)


Italian Clergy

Cardinal Pietro Boetto, Genoa, Italy (Gutman, 2007)

Cardinal (Archbishop) Elia Della Costa, Florence, Italy (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 367)

Cardinal Maurilio Fossati, Turin, Italy

Cardinal Piazza

Cardinal Ildesfonso Schuster, Archbishop of Milan, Italy

Bishop of Chiavari, Italy

Bishop Antonio Santin, Italy

Monsignor Vincenzo Barale, director, Turin Network, DELASEM (worked with Valdemar and Nina Langlet●, Swedish Red Cross), Italy

Monsignor Italo Ciulli, Gambassi (near Florence), Italy

Monsignor Dionisa Borra Fossati, Turin, Italy

Monsignor Giacomo Meneghello, Florence, Italy (DELASEM)

Monsignor Quadaroli, secretary at Vatican

Monsignor Francesco Repetto●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 29, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 400)

Monsignor Beniamino Schivo●, rector, Seminary in Citta di Castello, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 406)

Father Armondo Alessandrini●, Pio XI College of the Salesian Institution of the Order of San Giovanni Bosco, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 6, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 344-345)

Father Pasquale Amerio● (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Francesco Antonioli●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 6, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 344-345)

Father Carlo Banfi, Sormano, Italy

Father Angelo Bassi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Arrigo Beccari●, Nonantola, Italy, teacher, Catholic Seminary, rector, Church of San Pietro, Rubbiara, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title February 18, 1964 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 352)

Father Bernardino, Ancona, Italy

Father Egidio Bertollo, near Padua, Italy

Father Guido Bortolameotti●, Cloz, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1981 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 357)

Father Alfredo Braccagni● (b. 1913), Anciano, Sovicille, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 31, 1978 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 366-367)

Father Don Francesco Brondello●, Valdieri, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Aldo Brunacci●, Italy, head Committee for Assistance, Cannon Cathedral of San Rufino, Assisi Rescue Underground, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 6, 1977 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 358)

Father Callixte, Italy

Father Michele Carlotto●, Village Valli di Dasubio, Vincena District, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 24, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 363)

Father Leto Casini● (b. 1902), Varlungo, Italy, worked with Jewish-Christian Aid Committee, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 367)

Father Allessandro Daeli●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 2, 1999 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 372)

Father Giuseppe De Zotti●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 372-373)

Father Angelo Della Torre●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 372-373)

Father Antonio Dressino●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 31, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 386)

Father Hiulio Facibeni●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 2, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 376)

Vincenzo Fagiolo●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 26, 1983 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 346-347)

Father Carlo Ferrero, Valle d’Acosta, Italy

Father Giuseppe Girotti●* (1905-1945), Dominican Monk, Turin, Italy, murdered in Dachau, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title February 14, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 381-382)

Father Guido Gradassi●, Castelione, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 30, 1975 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 382)

Father Paolo Liggeri, secretary, Italy

Father Calliste Lipinot, Apostolic Visitor in Rome, Italy

Father Umberto Loiacono, Florence, Italy

Father Aldo Mai, Tuscany, Italy

Father Vivaldo Meccaci● (b. 1910), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 31, 1978 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 366-367)

Father Alfredo Melani● (b. 1911), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 2, 1999 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 372)

Father Elio Monari, Modena, Italy

Father Rufino Niccaci●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 17, 1974 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 391)

Father Giuseppe Placido Nicolini● (1911-1976), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 6, 1977 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 391-392)

Father Ernesto Ollari●+, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title August 2, 1999 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 348-349)

Father Pietro Palazzini●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 26, 1983 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 346-347)

Father Arturo Paoli●, Italy, DELASEM, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 19, 1999 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 394-395)

Father Amerio Pasquale, Italy

Father Giuseppe Peaquin, Valle de Aosta, Italy

Father Francesco Raspino● (b. 1885), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 26, 1983 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 399)

Father Francesco Repetto●, Genoa, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 29, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 400)

Father Benedetto Richeldi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 3, 1973 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 401)

Father Cipriano Ricotti●, Convent of San Marco, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 10, 1972 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 401-402)

Father Don Raimundo, Viale, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Italy

Father Luigi Rosadini● (b. 1913), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 26, 1982 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 402)

Angelo Rotta●, Nuncio, Budapest, Hungary, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Dante Sala●+ (b. 1905), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title February 18, 1969 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 404)

Father Carlo Salvi●, Italy, DELASEM, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 29, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 404)

Father Beniamino Schivo●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 406)

Father Giovanni Simioni●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 372-373)

Father Giovani Sisto, village priest, Isolengo (Alessandia), near Cantavenna, Italy, hid Jewish family, worked with Giuseppo Brusasca Rescue and Resistance Group (Gutman, 2007, p. 359)

Father Gaetano Tantalo●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 411)

Father Ernesto Torra, village priest, Monferrato Region, hid Jewish family, worked with Giuseppo Brusasca Rescue and Resistance Group (Gutman, 2007, p. 359)

Father Genaro Verolino●, Italy, First Secretary, Vatican Nunciatura, Budapest, Hungary,  awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Don Viale, Cuneo-Genoa, Italy

Father Tullio Vinay●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 354-355)

Father Frederico Vincenti●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 412-413)

Fathers who worked together:

Father Giovanni Simone●, Treviso (near Venice), Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 372-373)

Father Angelo dalla Torre

Father Letto Casini●, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father Giuseppe de Zotti

Reverend Professor Frigo, Seminary in Vicanza, Italy

Sister Maria Antoniazzi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Sister Virginia (M. Agnesa; Mother Maria Agustina) Badetti●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 350)

Sister Emilia (Augustine; Mother Maria Agnese) Benedetti●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 350)

Sister Anna (Emerenzia; Mother Emerenzia) Bolledi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 356-357)

Sister Sandra Ester Busnelli●, head missionary, Sisters of Maria, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 31, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 359-361)

Sister Maria Maddalena Cei●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 369)

Sister Maria Ferdinanda Corsetti●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 356-357)

Sister Maria-Angelica Ferrari●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 377)

Sister Marta Folcia●, Missionary Sisters of Maria, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 13, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 359-361)

Sister Barbara Lavizzari (Marie Giuseppina)●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Sister Marie de St. Francois Xavier Marteau●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Sister Luisa Minardi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Sister Maria Rita, Rome, Italy

Sister Benedetta Vespignani●, Missionary Sisters of Maria, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 13, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 359-361)

Mrs. Giacomo Meneghello, Florence, Italy


Italian Foreign Ministry, headquarters, Rome, Italy

Giuseppe Bastianini, undersecretary, Italian Foreign Ministry

In the spring of 1941, Giuseppe Bastianini was appointed Italian Governor of Dalmatia.  He was directly involved in protecting Jewish refugees in the Italian zone of occupation from deportation and murder.  As Undersecretary of the Italian Foreign Ministry (appointed February 1943), Bastiannini submitted an important memorandum for the signature of Mussolini to protect Jews in the Italian zones of occupation.  He convinced Mussolini that the Italian Army and diplomatic corps must not collaborate in the killing of Jews.  On two separate occasions, he told Mussolini that if he signed an order for deportation of Jews, the responsibility for their deaths would be his.  Mussolini agreed not to cooperate with German deportation orders on both of these occasions.  Further, Bastiannini encouraged diplomats under his supervision to protect Jews.  (Bastianini, Giuseppe. Uomini, cose, fatti: Memorie di un ambasciator. (Milan, 1959). Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), p. 109, 113, 117, 129-135, 150-151, 175, 269n.12, 284-285n.23, 289nn.65, 67, 292n.92.  Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 470-477, 494. Verax [Roberto Ducci]. “Italiani ed ebrei in Jugoslavia,” Politica Estera, I. (Rome, 1944), pp. 21-29. Caracciolo, 1986, pp. 96-98. Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Herzer, 1989, pp. 214, 238-239, 241. Michaelis, 1978, pp. 44, 301, 308, 331. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 34, 70-72 [document 8]. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 3, 92-93, 116, 124-128, 134-135. Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 121-123, 128-130. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 730.  Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 293-323.)

Augusto Rosso, Secretary General of the Foreign Ministry of Italy, 1943

After the fall of the Italian fascist party in July 1943, Marshal Pietro Badoglio established a new party that negotiated the cease fire with the Allies.  The newly appointed Secretary General of the Foreign Ministry, Augusto Rosso, sent a cable and policy statement to the military officers in charge of the refugees in Croatia which reinforced the Ministry’s previous position to protect Jews in the occupied territories.  The effort to save Jews from the deportation no longer had to be kept a secret.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 500-502. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 169, 173, 186.)

Count Blasco Lanza d’Ajeta, Head of the Occupied Territories Department, Chief of Cabinet of Italian Foreign Ministry

Count Blasco Lanza d'Ajeta, Head of the Occupied Territories Department and Chief of Cabinet of the Italian Foreign Ministry, composed a memorandum that underscored the obvious consequences of agreeing to the German demands of deporting thousands of Jews in the Italian occupied zone of Croatia.  In this memorandum, he recommended to the Italian Foreign Ministry that they reject the German demand.  D'Ajeta drafted a memorandum to Mussolini to influence him against authorizing the Italian cooperation in the deportation and murder of Jews in Croatia.  On two separate occasions, Mussolini was dissuaded from participating in the genocide of Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 473, 476, 486-487, 491. Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), pp. 322-323, 368. Verax [Roberto Ducci]. “Italiani ed ebrei in Jugoslavia,” Politica Estera, I. (Rome, 1944), pp. 21-29. Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 36, 41, 64, 86-87, 89, 106, 217, 225, 233, 260nn.48, 51, 241n.37, 284nn.11, 21, 314n.62. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209-210. Michaelis, 1978, pp. 314, 320. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 57-59, 143, 174-175. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 1, 56-57, 70, 73, 168. Michaelis, Meir.  The Holocaust in Italy: Area of Inquiry IV: The Italian Occupied Territories.  In Berenbaum, Michael, and Abraham J. Peck (Eds.). The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, pp. 455-461. (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 457.  Tittmann, Harold H., Jr., Harold H. Tittman III (Ed.). Inside the Vatican of Pius XII: The Memoir of an American Diplomat During World War II. (New York: Image Books Doubleday, 2004), pp. 70, 145.)

Count Luca Pietromarchi, Italian Foreign Ministry’s Superintendent of the Occupied Territories

Count Luca Pietromarchi was a career diplomat whose family belonged to the Papal nobility.  He served as an Italian diplomat responsible for the Cabinet of Armistice and Peace. Pietromarchi also served as the Italian foreign ministry's Superintendent of Occupied Territories.  In that post, he was extremely effective in protecting Jews from Nazi deportations.  Pietromarchi, along with Count d’Ajeta and Deputy Foreign Minister Bastianini, prepared reports to Italian dictator Mussolini discouraging him from handing over Jews in the Italian occupied territory to Nazi officials or their collaborators.  (Pietromarchi, Luca. “Frammenti delle memorie dell’ambasciatore Luca Pietromarchi. La difesa degli ebrei nel ’43,” Nuova Antologia, fasc 2161 (January-March 1987), pp. 241-247. Verax [Roberto Ducci]. “Italiani ed ebrei in Jugoslavia,” Politica Estera, I. (Rome, 1944), pp. 21-29. Carpi, Daniel. “The Italian Diplomat Luca Pietromarchi and His Activities on Behalf of the Jews in Croatia and Greece,” Yalkut Moreshet, 33 (1982), pp. 145-152 (Hebrew). Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), p. 476. Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 52-53, 108, 120, 129, 132, 135, 169, 265nn.35, 42. Herzer, 1989, pp. 209-216. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 56-60, 74-75, 85, 92-93, 168. Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 118. 128. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 324. Carpi, Daniel. “The diplomatic negotiations over the transfer of Jewish children from Croatia to Turkey and Palestine in 1943.” Yad Vashem Studies, 12 (1977), 114-117.)

Leonardo Vitetti, Director-General of the Italian Foreign Ministry

Minister Leonardo Vitetti, Director-General of the Italian Foreign Ministry, may have been largely responsible for developing the plans to protect Jews, both in Italy and in the Italian zones of occupation in Europe.  In addition, Vitetti may have kept the American Minister in Bern, Switzerland, informed on reports of the German occupation in Italy.  This strategic information would have helped the Americans in their war plans.  The American Minister in Bern reported to Washington on the German occupation of Italy.  Vitetti replied favorably to the request of the Italian Ambassador in Berlin, Dino Alfieri, regarding the policy of allowing Italian Jews living abroad not to be subject to German race laws and to have their property and assets protected.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff, pp. 465-526. (Jerusalem, 1977).  Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 25-26, 41, 160, 214-215, 231, 257n.21, 314n.62. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 235, 264, 323-325.)

Count Luigi Viadu, Head of the Political Department of the Foreign Ministry, 1943

Luigi Vidau, Head of the Political Department of the Foreign Ministry, ordered his staff to collect information on German atrocities committed against deported Jews.  On the basis of this information, he ordered a detailed memorandum prepared to be presented to Mussolini, stating that “deportation” by the Nazis meant murder of the Jews in the death camps of Poland.  Vidau refused to accede to German demands for deportation of Jews from the occupied zones.  In August 1943, he authorized Italian diplomats in France to issue visas to Jews for entry into Italy at their own discretion and without confirmation of the Italian Department of the Interior. In September 1943, at the end of the Italian occupation, when the Italian armed forces were preparing to withdraw from their zone of occupation, thousands of Jews were allowed to escape to Italy under the protection of the Italian army.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff, pp. 465-526. (Jerusalem, 1977).  Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 105, 112, 116, 167-171. 173-174, 176, 283n.10, 284n.11, 292n.87, 314n.62. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 35, 132-133. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 123, 126, 168. Herzer, Ivo. The Italian Refuge: Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust. (Washington: Catholic University Press, 1989), p. 241.)

Ambassador Roberto Ducci (Verax), Italy, Head of the Croatian Department of the Italian Foreign Ministry

Ambassador Roberto Ducci, Head of the Croatian Department of the Italian Foreign Ministry, vehemently opposed the deportations of Croatian and Italian Jews during the Italian occupation of Croatia.  He staunchly worked to prevent the deportations as head of the Croatian Department of the Italian Foreign Ministry.  He used the pen name “Verax” for this article.  Ducci published an article in the Italian foreign policy journal Politica Estera about the Italian rescue efforts against the German directives to deport Yugoslavian Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 446, 466, 474-476, 483-484. Verax [Roberto Ducci]. “Italiani ed ebrei in Jugoslavia,” Politica Estera, I. (Rome, 1944), pp. 21-29. Caracciolo, 1986, pp. 57-66.  Steinberg, 1990, pp. 93, 168.)


Italian Embassies/Consulates/Diplomatic Service, Foreign Ministry, Rome, Italy (Carpi, 1981, pp. 25-62; Carpi, 1972, pp. 465-526; Poliakov, 1955)

Croatia-Yugoslavia

Ambassador Roberto Ducci (Verax), Head of the Croatian Department of the Italian Foreign Ministry, see Italian Foreign Ministry

Gastone Guidotti, Secretary at the Italian Legation in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1936-1940

Gastone Guidotti was posted as Secretary at the Italian legation in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, between 1936 and 1940.  While acting as First Secretary, he issued Italian passports to Jewish refugees.  He did this after the Italian foreign ministry had turned down the passport applicants.  These acts of disobedience were never discovered by the Italian authorities.  (Oral history interview, Barbarina Guidotti, 2000.)

Casertano, Italian Envoy in Zagreb, 1942-43?

(Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 474-476.)

Giuseppe Bastianini, Italy, Governor of Dalmatia, 1941-43, and Undersecretary, Italian Foreign Ministry, 1943-45, see Italian Foreign Ministry

France (Paris, Vichy)

Luciano Arrighi, Italian Consul in Nice

(Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 301n.20.)

Gino Buti, Italian Ambassador in Paris, France, 1942

Gino Buti was the Italian Ambassador in Paris, France, in 1942.  Ambassador Buti reported to Rome the arrest and deportation of Jews by German and French forces from the occupied zone to the Drancy deportation camp.  Many of these Jews were of Italian nationality.  Ambassador Buti protested these actions, and later secured the release of some of these Jews.  A diplomatic incident was created over the fate of Jews of Italian nationality residing in France.  Buti’s actions and reports caused the Italian Foreign Ministry to rule in favor of protecting Jews of Italian nationality and foreign Jews in the occupied zones.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 35-36, 43-46, 73, 76, 148, 219, 225-226, 260n.49, 262n.7. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 730.)

Alberto Calisse, Italian Consul in Nice, France

Alberto Calisse was an Italian consul in Nice, France.  When he learned that foreign Jews in the region of the Alpes Maritimes were to be transferred and deported, Calisse insisted that all foreign Jews, not only Italians, should be exempted from deportation orders or other anti-Semitic Vichy measures.  He also argued that Vichy and German regulations regarding Jews should be disregarded in Italian-held territories.  For example, he refused to implement the law ordering the stamping of the word "Jew" on identity cards and ration books.  He further declared that Italy would apply the same legislation to Jews in the Italian zone as was applied in Italy itself. His inquiries to the Foreign Ministry led to the implementation of these protective policies toward Jews in the Italian zones of occupation.  Calisse worked with and was assisted by Roman Jewish banker Angelo Donati.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730.  Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 88-92, 97-98, 130, 145, 277n.20, 280n.47, 282n.66, 294n.14, 295n.22.  Herzer, 1989, pp. 219-220. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 23-25, 51-55. Poznanski, 2001, pp. 386-387. Steinberg, 1990, p. 108. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 730.)

Giacomo Guariglia, Italian Ambassador to Paris and the Vatican, 1942-1944?, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1944-45?

Giacomo Guariglia was the Italian Ambassador to Paris in 1942.  His protection of Jews was so open and blatant that the German Foreign Minister Ribbentrop complained personally to Mussolini.  In November 1942, Guariglia, then the Italian Ambassador to the Vatican, was asked by the Vatican Secretary of State to intervene with the Italian Foreign Minister to prevent the extradition of Jews.  Later, Guariglia was promoted to Minister of Foreign Affairs.  (Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969), pp. 105-106. Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 490-491, 499.)

Giovanni Luciolli, Italian Vice Consul, Paris, 1941-1942

Italian Vice Consul Giovanni Luciolli was stationed in Paris in 1941-1942.  He intervened with German authorities to free Italian Jews who had been arrested there.  He provided these Jews with papers that were needed to secure their release.  He got into direct confrontations with German authorities over the issue of protection of Italian Jewish property in Paris.  Luciolli and Orlandini helped to persuade the Italian Foreign Ministry to repatriate Italian Jews in France, despite objections from the Italian Interior Ministry.  (Carpi, 1994, pp. 32, 34-35, 54-61, 64, 259n.40, 263n.20.)

Lieutenant Francesco Malfatti di Montetretto, Consul in Chambéry, France, 1943

On September 3, 1943, Lieutenant Francesco Malfatti di Montetretto was appointed Italian Consul in Chambéry, France.  He aided Jews while the Italian Army and diplomatic service was withdrawing from southern France after Italians signed the armistice on September 8, 1944.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 147-149, 173, 183, 295n.27.)

Victoriano Manfredi, Italian Vice Consul in Grenoble, France, 1943

Vittoriano Manfredi was the Italian Vice Consul in Grenoble, France, in 1943.  He prevented the roundup and deportation of more than 100 Jews.  Manfredi did this by informing the local Italian general, who blocked the tracks of the deportation train and negotiated the release of Jews bound for Auschwitz.  (Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982.)

Gustavo Orlandini, Italian Consul General in Paris, 1940-1942

General Gustavo Orlandini was the Italian Consul General stationed in Paris in 1940-1942.  As early as October 1940, Orlandini sought to protect the property rights of French Jews of Italian ancestry in the occupied zone.  Without authorization, Orlandini intervened with German authorities to free Italian Jews who had been arrested in Paris.  He also obtained the release of Italian Jews who had been arrested and were detained at the Drancy transit camp pending deportation to Auschwitz.  Orlandini also issued travel documents that allowed Italian Jews who would have faced almost certain death to leave France.  Eventually, many of them repatriated to Italy.  Orlandini asked the Italian foreign ministry to rule in favor of helping Italian Jews throughout France.  They replied favorably to Orlandini’s recommendations.  He also sent numerous reports to the Italian foreign ministry regarding the actions against Jews, especially as it would affect former Italian Jews.  Orlandini also protected Jews from having to wear the Star of David.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Carpi, 1994, pp. 21-26, 32-37, 44, 54-62, 64, 256n.7, 261n.56. Poznanski, 2001, pp. 385-386.)

Cesare Pasquenelli, Italian Vice Consul, Paris, 1942

Italian Vice Consul Cesare Pasquinelli was stationed in Paris in 1942.  He intervened with German authorities to free Italian Jews who had been arrested there.  He got into direct confrontations with German authorities over the issue of protection of Italian Jewish property in Paris.  Pasquinelli worked with Consul General Orlandini and Vice Consul Luciolli.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), p. 44, 55-58, 263n.20.)

Augusto Spechel, Italian Consul General in Nice, 1943

Augusto Spechel was the Italian Consul General in Nice in 1943.  In August and September 1943, he petitioned his superiors in the Italian foreign ministry to allow him to issue visas to Jews of Italian nationality or other Jews who were in the Italian zone of occupation near Nice.  At the urging of Consul General Spechel, the foreign ministry relented and allowed him to issue visas.  As a result, hundreds of Jews who were trapped in southern France between the fall of Mussolini on July 25, 1944, and the surrender of Italy to the Allies on September 8, 1944, were able to safely cross the Italian border.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 167-169, 172-173, 188, 295n.22, 305n.65.)

Vittorio Zoppi, Italian Diplomat in Southern France

Italian diplomat Vittorio Zoppi was active in rescuing Jews in the Italian occupied zone of southern France.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 730, Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 77-78, 92, 218-220, 273n.31.)

Greece (Athens, Salonica)

Giuseppe Castrucci, Italian Consul General in Salonica, Greece, 1943

Giuseppe Castrucci replaced Consul General Zamboni at the consulate in Salonica, Greece.  Castrucci played a key role in saving 350 Salonica Jews by placing them on an Italian military train that took them out of Salonica into the Italian neutral zone.  To save Jews, he gave the broadest possible interpretation to the term “Italian subject.”  He issued 550 certificates of Italian nationality to Greek Jews who were clearly not of Italian origin.  Castrucci liberally issued these to Jews who were subject to deportation or were already in deportation camps.  Castrucci’s certificates enabled many Jews to be released from the transit camps and given over to Italian authority.  They were then taken to Athens for their protection.  “Consul Castrucci issued certificates of Italian nationality to Jewish women who were married to Greek husbands, and to their children who were described as minors, though they were often over 21 and sometimes over 30…and often certificates of Italian nationality were issued to Jews whose only claim to them was that the Gestapo was looking for them…The Nazis realized what the Consul was doing, but did not contest his signature and affixed their stamp to his certified list” (Poliakov & Sabille, pp. 156-157).  The German authorities in Salonika tried to stop Castrucci from issuing these naturalization papers. (Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), p. 375. Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), p. 522. Carpi, 1990, p. 730. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 156-157. Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 293, 312, 315, 319-322.  Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).)

Pellegrino Ghigi, Italian Minister Plenipotentiary in Athens, Greece, 1943

Pellegrino Ghigi protected Jews in the Italian zone and rescued as many as possible from the German occupied areas such as Salonica.  While Ghigi was Minister Plenipotentiary in Athens, no actions were taken against Jews in the Italian occupied zone by Italian authorities.  In protecting Jews, he worked closely with General Carlo Geloso, Commander of the 11th Italian Army.  He gave Guelfo Zamboni, the Italian Consul General in Salonica, and his successor Giuseppe Castrucci, his full support in issuing certificates of Italian citizenship.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Michaelis, 1978, pp. 312-313. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, p. 159. Steinberg, 1990, p. 97. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 293-323.  Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982.)

Captain Lucillo Merci, Italian Army, Stationed at Italian Consulate in Salonika, Greece, 1942-43?

Captain Lucillo Merci was the military liaison stationed at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  On numerous occasions, he rescued Jews by moving them across the border from the German to the Italian zone of occupation.  Merci would also go into German detention camps armed with Italian citizenship papers provided by consular officials.  He would then have Jews released to his custody.  He worked closely with other members of the consulate to rescue Jews.  Merci’s diary of his experiences in Salonika were published by Yad Vashem in Israel.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007). Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Carpi, 1990, p. 614. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 156-157. Steinberg, 1990, p. 99. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 293-323.)

Emilio Neri, Italian Consul General in Salonika, Greece, 1942-43?

The Italian Consul General in Salonika, Emilio Neri, saved many Jews by transferring them from the German to the Italian zone of occupation in Greece.  He put these Jews in contact with Greek railway workers who hid them in transport cars carrying freight to Athens.  In the Italian zone, Jews were given falsified identity documents.  Neri would put Jewish refugees on military convoys and would often dress them in Italian military uniforms.  Neri worked closely with an Italian officer, Captain Lucillo Merci, who would also move Jews across the border between the two zones.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Carpi, 1990, p. 614. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew.)

Eugenio Prato, Deputy Assistant to the Minister Plenipotentiary, Athens, Greece, 1941-1943

Consul Eugenio Prato was the Deputy Assistant to Pellegrino Ghigi, Italian Minister Plenipotentiary in Athens.  Prato assisted in the transfer of Jews from the German occupied zone to the Italian zone.  He assisted Consul General Guelfo Zamboni in the rescue of Jews in Athens.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982.)

Ricardo Rosenberg, Italian Vice Consul in Salonika, 1943

Ricardo Rosenberg helped save Jews at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  He worked under Consul Generals Zamboni and Castrucci.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 302. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Carpi, Daniel (Ed.). Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). (Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1999).  Carpi, Daniel. "Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941-1943)." In Festschrift in Honor of Dr. George S. Wise, H. Ben-Shahar et al., Eds., pp. 25-62. (Tel Aviv, 1981).)

Stabilia, Italian Consulate in Salonika, Greece, 1943

Stabila helped save Jews at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  He worked under Consul Generals Zamboni and Castrucci.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Carpi, Daniel (Ed.). Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). (Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1999).  Carpi, Daniel. "Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941-1943)." In Festschrift in Honor of Dr. George S. Wise, H. Ben-Shahar et al., Eds., pp. 25-62. (Tel Aviv, 1981).)

Antonio Venturini, Italian Consul General in Athens, 1941-1943

Venturini was the Consul General in Athens under Minister Plenipotentiary Pellegrino Ghigi.  In that capacity, he helped in the rescue of Greek Jews.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew.  Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982.)

Mark Mosseri, Italian Consulate in Salonika, Greece, 1943

Mosseri helped save Jews at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  He worked under Consul Generals Zamboni and Castrucci.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Carpi, Daniel (Ed.). Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). (Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1999).  Carpi, Daniel. "Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941-1943)." In Festschrift in Honor of Dr. George S. Wise, H. Ben-Shahar et al., Eds., pp. 25-62. (Tel Aviv, 1981).)

Guelfo Zamboni, Italian Consul General in Salonica, Greece, 1942-1943

Guelfo Zamboni was a career Italian diplomat.  In 1939-1941, he was station in the Italian embassy in Berlin.  There, he was a first-hand witness to the persecution of Jews.  He was appointed Consul in Salonica in April 1942.  He served in this post until June 1943.  On his own authority and without permission from the Italian Foreign Ministry, Zamboni provided hundreds of Greek Jews Italian birth certificates and certificates of citizenship, which protected Greek Jews from deportation to Auschwitz.  He was challenged by the German authorities, but was able to convince them he had authority from the Italian government.  Soon, his actions were supported by Italian Minister Plenipotentiary Pellegrino Ghigi in Athens.  On July 9, 1943, a train load of 350 Jews with certificates of citizenship from Zamboni was safely transferred from the Nazi occupied zone to Athens.  (Carpi, 1990, pp. 614, 730. Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 156-157. Steinberg, 1990, pp. 99-100. Film: Righteous Enemy, 1982.  Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007). Avni, Haim. “Spanish Nationals in Greece and their Fate during the Holocaust.” Yad Vashem Studies, 8 (1970), pp. 31-68. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew. Rochlitz, Joseph. “Excerpts from the Salonika Diary of Lucillo Merci (February-August 1943).” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 293, 299, 301-314.)

Doefini, Italian Consulate in Salonika, Greece, 1943

Doefini helped save Jews at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  He worked under Consul Generals Zamboni and Castrucci.  (Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Carpi, Daniel (Ed.). Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). (Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1999).  Carpi, Daniel. "Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941-1943)." In Festschrift in Honor of Dr. George S. Wise, H. Ben-Shahar et al., Eds., pp. 25-62. (Tel Aviv, 1981).  Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).)

Valerie Torres, Italian Consulate in Salonika, Greece, 1943

Torres helped save Jews at the Italian consulate in Salonika, Greece.  She worked under Consul Generals Zamboni and Castrucci.  (Duman, Marion and Judy Krausz (Eds.). Compiled, translated and annotated with an introduction by Irith Dublon-Kenbel. German Foreign Office Documents on the Holocaust in Greece (1837-1944).  (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2007).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 614. Carpi, Daniel (Ed.). Italian Diplomatic Documents on the History of the Holocaust in Greece (1941-1943). (Tel Aviv: Diaspora Research Institute, 1999).  Carpi, Daniel. "Notes on the History of the Jews in Greece during the Holocaust Period: The Attitude of the Italians (1941-1943)." In Festschrift in Honor of Dr. George S. Wise, H. Ben-Shahar et al., Eds., pp. 25-62. (Tel Aviv, 1981).)

Berlin, Germany

Dino Alfieri, Italian Ambassador in Berlin, 1940-1942

Dino Alfieri was the Italian Ambassador in Berlin in 1940-1942.  In 1940, Alfieri sent a proposal to the Italian foreign ministry to protect the rights of Italian Jewish citizens residing in France.  The ministry approved Alfieri’s request to protect citizenship and property rights of French Jews.  On September 2, 1942, Ambassador Alfieri was successful in his formal request that the German Foreign Office delay the application of anti-Semitic racial laws in North Africa.  Further, he persuaded the German high command in Tunisia not to take measures against Jews of Italian nationality without the consent of the Italian Consul General there.  Over 5,000 Italian Jews in Tunisia were thus left unharmed.  (Alfieri, Dino. Deux dictateurs face à face: Rome-Berlin, 1939-1943. (Paris, 1948). Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 25-26, 106-107, 117, 225, 256-257, 284n.13. Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 473-476, 486-487, 491. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 108, 116, 131, 161, 177-178, 185, 229, 279, 289-290, 296, 301-302, 316, 333, 337, 417.)

Poland (Warsaw)

Dr. D’Cassio, Italian Commercial Attaché in Warsaw, 1940

The Italian Commercial Attaché in Warsaw, Dr. D’Cassio, issued 220 visas to Jewish refugees who were on an Af-Al-Pi transport.  Dr. Willi Perl, in his book, The Four-Front War, states: “The 220 who were already in Fiume had gained their entrance into Italy only by the happy coincidence that the Italian commercial attaché in Warsaw, a Dr. D’Cassio, had a beautiful Jewish secretary who influenced him to issue the transit visa without condition” (pp. 92-93).  The ship to transport them was delayed and Perl states, “In fact as day after day passed and no Socrates arrived, the Italians insisted that the 220, who were not visible in the streets but whose presence was, of course, known, be sent back to Poland.  This would mean not only tragedy for the refugees but also trouble for Dr. D’Cassio in Warsaw” (p. 95).  (Perl, William R. The Four-Front War: From the Holocaust to the Promised Land. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1978), pp. 92-95.)

Tunisia

Silimboni, Consul General for Italy in Tunisia, 1942-43?

The Italian Consul General Silimboni in Tunisia intervened on behalf of arrested Jewish community leaders in November 1942.  The French Governor General of Tunisia, Vice Admiral Jean-Pierre Estéva, and his administrative staff protected Jews from the German anti-Jewish race laws.  In addition, the Italian consulate’s administrative staff also resisted imposition of the Nazi race laws.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 14-15, 41, 197-198, 202-203, 208-219, 222-225, 231-234, 236, 248, 253n.14, 262-263n.9, 309n.5, 317n.18.  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 1521-1523. Browning, Christopher R. Browning. The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutschland 1940-43. (New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1978), pp. 122-123. Laqueur, Walter (Ed.) and Judith Tydor Baumel (Assoc. Ed.).  The Holocaust Encyclopedia. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 224.)

Austria (Vienna)

Italian Consulate in Vienna, 1940

The Italian consuls in Vienna attempted to protect the civil rights of Austrian Jews of Italian ancestry.  Further, they tried to exempt Italian Jews from having to have their passports and IDs marked with the red letter “J.”  The consulate complained to the Italian ambassador in Berlin, Dino Alfieri.  Alfieri ruled in favor of protecting Italian Jews in the greater Reich of Germany-Austria.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 24-25.)

Belgium

Italian Consul in Belgium, 1942?

The Italian Consul in Belgium demanded that Greek Jews be exempted from deportations and anti-Jewish laws.  The Consul reasoned that these laws had not been enacted against Greek Jews by the Italian authorities.  This may have been the first attempt by the Italians to protect Greek Jews under their jurisdiction.  (Browning, Christopher R. The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D III of Abteilung Deutschland 1940-43. (New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1978), p. 102.)


Italian Police (Carabinieri)

Croatia-Yugoslavia

General Giuseppe Pièche, of the Carabinieri, Head of the Intelligence Service in the Balkans

General Giuseppe Pièche was a General of the Carabinieri in Croatia and Chief of the Intelligence Service in the Balkans.  He was the first Italian official of high rank to report to the Italian government of the murder of Jews deported from Croatia to the “Eastern Territories.” This report mentioned the gassing of Jews.  This report was widely publicized within the Italian Foreign Ministry and military.  Unlike the Allies, who discounted such reports, the Italians were convinced of its veracity.  General Pièche was the first to propose resistance to further deportations. A special memorandum with this information was prepared for Mussolini.  This report caused Mussolini to rethink his plan to cooperate in the deportations.  For his actions in saving Jews in Croatia, General Pièche received a humanitarian award from the Italian Jewish community after the war.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 476-490.  Carpi, 1990, p. 730; Herzer, 1989, pp. 209, 213; Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 121-122. Michaelis, Meir.  The Holocaust in Italy: Area of Inquiry IV: The Italian Occupied Territories.  In Berenbaum, Michael, and Abraham J. Peck (Eds.). The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined, pp. 455-461. (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998), pp. 455-456.)

Lt. Colonel Pietro Esposito Amodio, Commander of the Carabinieri of the Fifth Corps, Croatia, 1942-43

Lt. Colonel Pietro Esposito Amodio, Commander of the Carabinieri of the Fifth Corps, argued against the deportation of the Jews in Croatia.  His argument was that the Italian army would lose prestige with other minorities in Croatia and in the Balkans in general.  Under the protection of the Fifth Corps, 1,172 refugees were protected in the Cirquenizza Camp.  (Carpi, Daniel. "The Rescue of Jews in the Italian Zone of Occupied Croatia." In Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. Proceedings of the Second Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, edited by Y. Gutman & E. Zuroff. (Jerusalem, 1977), pp. 489-490, 497.)

Southern France

Guido Lospinoso,  'Inspector General of Racial Policy,' Interior Ministry, Police Ministry, Nice, France, 1943

In 1943, Guido Lospinoso was sent to Nice, France, by the Italian Interior Ministry as 'Inspector General of Racial Policy.'  In this position, Lospinoso avoided implementing the German anti-Semitic policies and deportation orders.  He avoided meetings with Eichmann and SS Gestapo chief Müller and other Nazi officials on numerous occasions in order to continue to evade these policies.  Lospinoso arranged for the transfer of thousands of Jews to remote areas inland and away from the hands of the Nazis.  Lospinoso was encouraged to help by Father Marie-Benoit and Angelo Donati.  (Bauer, 1982, p. 237; Carpi, 1990, p. 730; Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 100, 129, 134-138, 140-145, 147-150, 152-154, 158-163, 172-173, 183-185, 188-189, 292-293n.96, 296n.41, 304-305n.58; Herzer, 1989, pp. 222-227; Marrus & Paxton, 1981, p. 318; Michaelis, 1978, pp. 308-311; Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 36-38, 73 [Document 9], 74 [Document 10], 76 [Document 12], 77-78 [Document 13], 79 [Document 14], 83 [Document 17], 84 [Document 18], 91 [Document 20], 93-94 [Document 21], 97-98 [Document 22], 99-100 [Document 23], 107-111 [Document 26], 114 [Document 28], 116 [Document 30]; Steinberg, 1990, p. 129; Zuccotti, 1987, pp. 86-88, 128-129, 132.)

Dr. Rosario Barranco, Senior Police Inspector, Carabinieri, Southern France, 1943

Rosario Barranco, Police Inspector of the Carabinieri, implemented a plan to transfer foreign Jews out of the coastal areas, where they were in danger of roundup and deportation, to assigned residences within the territories under Italian control.  This action helped to secure the safety of numerous Jews.  Inspector Barranco was also responsible for having Jews released from the custody of French police.  Barranco also worked with Guido Lospinoso in saving Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 85, 88, 99-101, 130, 138, 161, 172-173, 281-282n.62, 294n.14; Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 101-102 [Document 24]; Steinberg, 1990, p. 108.)

Lt. Colonel Mario Bodo, Commandant of the Carabinieri, Stationed in Nice, 1943

In Nice, France, Carabinieri Lt. Colonel Bodo, along with Captains Tosti and Salvi, protected Jews from roundup and deportation by collaborationist Vichy police.  One raid took place outside the reception center in the Boulevard Dubouchage and in front of the synagogue in Nice.  These three officers then put police guards around Jewish property.  (Herzer, 1989, p. 220; Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 28, 38, 93 [Document 21]. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 153, 294n.5.)

Tomaso Luciere, Carabinieri, Vice-Questor, Southern France, 1943

Tomaso Luciere, of the Italian police, stationed in the Italian occupied zone, implemented policies to protect Jews and their property.  He worked directly under police inspector Guido Lospinoso.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 138, 147-148, 161.)

Captain Salvi, Captain of the Carabinieri, Nice, France, 1943

Under Captain Salvi, the Jews of Nice were protected from Nazi deportation to the death camps.  He protected Jewish property and guarded Jewish synagogues, and also allowed Jews to issue their own identity cards.  He threatened the arrest of any local French policeman who interfered with the rescue efforts of Italian Jew Angelo Donati.  He did his best to win Italian government support for a policy of protection for Italian, French and foreign Jews.  (Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 137, 153, 173, 294n.5; Marrus & Paxton, 1981, p. 319; Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 28, 38, 94 [Document 21].)

Captain Tosti, of the Italian Carabinieri, Nice, France, 1942-1943

In Nice, France, Captain Tosti, along with Colonel Mario Bodo and Captain Salvi, protected Jews from roundup and deportation by collaborationist Vichy police.  One raid took place outside the reception center in the Boulevard Dubouchage and in front of the synagogue in Nice.  These three officers then put police guards around Jewish property.  (Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, p. 28.)

Greece

General Carlo Geloso, Italian Police Commander in Athens and Administrator of Southern Greece, Salonika, Greece, 1943

General Carlo Geloso protected Jews from roundup and deportation in the Italian occupied zone of Greece.  When asked by the German commanders to provide military support for the roundup of Jews, Geloso refused, saying he lacked sufficient instructions from his superiors in Rome to act.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 614; Michaelis, 1978, pp. 312-314; Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, pp. 69 [Document 8], 154, 159; Steinberg, 1990, pp. 86, 101, 114-115, 125. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew.)

General Vecchiarelli, Italian Police Commander in Athens and Administrator of Southern Greece, 1943

General Vecchiarelli was the successor to General Carlo Geloso.  He protected Jews in the Italian zone of occupation until the Italian surrender in September 1943.  (Carpi, 1990, p. 614. Molho, M., & J. Nehama. The Destruction of Greek Jewry, 1941-1945. (Jerusalem, 1965). In Hebrew.)

Marshal of the Carabinieri at the Ceres Station

“There was a marshal of the carabinieri at the Ceres station, who had been recalled, and who put himself at our disposal and got so well organized that when he received the order to come and arrest us—I had been waiting for this—he put himself at our disposal and organized a system by which he could alert all the people he ought to have arrested.  Through my mother and the vicar of Ceres, we would send nuns to warn people at what time they would stop and arrest them.  The marshal was going around with two carabinieri…,” according to the testimony of Attorney Massimo Ottolenghi.  (Caracciolo, 1986, p. 102.)

Pico, Italian Officer in Charge of the Salonica Railway Station, 1943

Pico, in his capacity as transportation officer at the Salonica Railway Station, helped Jews escape Nazi deportation.  (Poliakov & Sabille, 1955, p. 157.)


Hyndryk Iwanski Group, Military Union of Armed Struggle, Warsaw, Poland, established October 1939, later renamed/reorganized as Armed Liberation (Zbrojne Wyzwolenie) and Security Corps (Korpus Bezpieczenstna), underground resistance organization (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Personnel and organizers:

Henryk Iwanski (“Bystry”), captain, Polish Army Reserves, organizer, group leader (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Waclaw Iwanski, brother of Henryk Iwanski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Wiktoria Iwanski, wife of Henryk Iwanski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Henryk Iwanski’s sons (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Dr. Ignacy Szpikowski (“Szczur”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Pawel Kowalski (“Roch”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Tadeusz Marian Kowalski (“Sep”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Zdzislaw Nosarzewski (“Nosek”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Stanislaw Sokolnicki (“Stasio”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Jan Skoczek (“Wasik”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Andrzej Petrykowski (“Tarnawa”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Prelate Godlewski, All Saints’ parish church (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Wladyslaw Zajdler (“Zarski”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Józef Lejewski (“Garbarz”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Stanislaw Pawluk (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Henryk Rolirad+ (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Bronislawa Kajda+ (“Bronka”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Apoloniusz Kozakowski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Waclaw Kozakowski, son of Apoloniusz Kozakowski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Mieczyslaw Kozakowski, son of Apoloniusz Kozakowski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Stanislaw Kozakowski, son of Apoloniusz Kozakowski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

January Zdzislaw Goescimski (“Franciszek,” “Grabiec”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Jadwiga Makowiecka (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Stanislaw Lange (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Zbigniew Petrykowski (Andrzej’s brother; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Mr. Kaminski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Gruber (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Jadwiga Horodynska (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Stanislaw Pawluk (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Henryk Rolirad (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Bronislawa Kajdadam Nowicki (“Morda”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Józef Lejewski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Wladyslaw Góra (“Stateczny”; Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Clergy who worked with Iwanski Group:

Monsignor Marceli Godlewski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Dean Antoni Czarnecki (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

Parson Tadeusz Nowotko (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)

All Saints Church (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 148-153)