Organizations Involved in Holocaust Rescue - Part 2 (C-D)

A-B          C-D          E-H           I           J-N          O-R           S           T-V          W-Z

Note: +arrested; †tortured; *killed; ●Righteous Among the Nations (honored by the State of Israel)

Calmeyer Action, The Netherlands (Gutman, 2007, pp. 80-81, 160; Moore, 2010, pp. 12, 341, 344; Presser, 1969; Yad Vashem Archives)

Dr. Hans-George Calmeyer●, head, General Commissariat for Administration and Justice, Nazi administration, saved 3,000 Dutch Jews, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 12, 1991 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 80-81)

Dr. Gerhardt Wander, MD●+* (1903-1945), assistant to Hans George Calmayer, killed by Nazis, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 23, 1975 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 160)

Professor Dr. Hans Weinert, morphologist from Kiel, Germany (Gutman, 2007, p. 80)


Calvinist Women’s Association (Gereformeerde Vrouwenvereniging), Belgium (Moore, 2010, pp. 234-235)

Helped people in the Netherlands go underground to avoid conscripted (compulsory) labor service imposed by the German occupation government in Belgium.

Helena Theodora Kuipers-Rietberg (Moore, 2010,pp. 234-235)


Gennaro Campolmi Rescue Network, Florence, Italy (Gutman, 2007, pp. 363,399)

Gennaro Campolmi●+†, arrested and tortured, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 29, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 363, 399)

Luigi Pugi●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 27, 1977 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 363, 399)


Camps Commission (Commission des Centres de Rassemblement), France, 1939 (Ryan, 1996)

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee obtained French permission to aid in relief activities in France.  Morris Troper, along with Rabbi Rene Hirschler and Marc Jarblum, established the Commission des Centre de Rassemblement (Camps Commission) in 1941

Chief Rabbi Rene Hirschler* (Jewish), founder

Morris Troper (Jewish), American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC)

Dr. Joseph Weill (Jewish; director of OSE)


Canadian Embassy, Paris, France

Georges Vanier, Canadian Ambassador to France, 1940?-?

Georges Vanier was the Canadian Ambassador to France, 1940? - ?.  Vanier was deeply concerned by the plight of thousands of Jewish refugees in France.  Vanier wrote to officials in Canada that they had a “wonderful opportunity, to be generous and yet profit by accepting some of these people.”  The Canadian cabinet rejected Vanier’s proposal to help Jewish refugees.  Thousands of Jews requested permission to join relatives already in Canada.  Vanier appealed to immigration officials in the capital in Ottawa to ease immigration restrictions.  He was disappointed when his requests were turned down.  Vanier, however, did issue some visas and saved the lives of Jewish refugees who were able to enter Canada.  At the end of the war, Vanier toured the Buchenwald concentration camp and prepared a scathing report on Canada’s failure to help Jewish refugees escape the Nazis.  (Abella, 2000, pp. 76-77. 103, 195-196, 211, 219)


Canadian Embassy, Japan

Canadian Ambassador to Japan

The Canadian Ambassador to Japan requested that the Canadian foreign ministry accept Jewish refugees into Canada.  (Abella, Irving & Harold Troper. None is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe 1933-1948 (3rd Ed.). (Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2000), pp. 80-82.)


Canadian National Committee on Refugees, Ottawa, Canada, est. Dec. 1939


Capuchin Monastery, Via Sicilia, Rome, Italy, Maresilles, France (Gutman, 2007, p. 353), see DELASEM

Father Marie Benôit● (Maria Benedetto; Pierre Peteul; 1895-1990)

Angelo Donati (Jewish)

Settimio Sorani (Jewish)

Cardinal Dalla Costa, Archbishop of Genoa, Italy

Father Cipriano Ricotti●


Caritas (Catholic Charities), Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany


Caritas, Switzerland

Bishop of Fribourg, President

Fr. Albert Gross● Swiss (Gurs Camp) (1904-1975)


Carl Neuberg Society for International Scientific Relations, Inc., New York, NY, USA, established late 1930s


Carnegie Corporation of New York, NY, USA, established 1911 (Annual Reports of the Carnegie Corporation, 1933-1945.  Lester, R.M., “A Thirty Year Catalog of Grants.” Carnegie Corporation of New York Review Series No. 33, July 1942.)

Frederick P. Keppel


Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, established 1910 (Greco, J.F., “A Foundation for Internationalism: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1931-1941.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse Univ., 1971.  Columbia Univ., Rare Book and Manuscript Library.)


Castle School, Méan-en-Condroz (Ardennes Region), Belgium (Gutman, 2005, pp. 72-73)

Hid Jews and others in castle/school grounds.  School was raided and closed by Germans on October 25, 1943.  Cougnet was arrested and deported.

Eugène Cougnet●+*

Cougnet sons (3)+


Catholic Home in Chotomów, near Warsaw, sisters hid Jewish children


Catholic Home in Turkowice (near Lublin), sisters hid and sheltered 33 Jewish children and Soviet POWs (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 51, 61)

Mother Superior Stanislawa (Aniela Polechajllo)

Sister Witolda


Catholic Scout Movement, Warsaw, Poland

Irena Adamowicz●


Catholic Workers Youth (Katholiek Arbeidersjeugd; KAJ; Jeunesse Ouvrier Catholique; JOC), Belgium, youth movement of Christian Worker’s Movement

JOC maintained homes in Tourneppe, Braine-L’Alleud, Lauwe, Dworp, Leffe-lez-Dinant, Schaltin, Banneux and Leffe, Belgium, that hid and sheltered 59 Jewish boys.  Headquarters was in the Boulevard Poincaré.

(Yad Vashem Archives; CEGES R 497.234.449, R 497.234.655, R 497.238.395; Bruck, 1985; Gutman, 2005, pp. xxx, 54, 60-61; Moore, 2010, pp. 286-287)

Queen Elizabeth●, Queen Mother of Belgium, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 131)

Cardinal Van Roey●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)

Cardinal Jozef Cardijn, leader (Gutman, 2005)

Herman Bouton●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 54)

Father (Abbé) Bruylants●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 52-53)

Father Pierre Capart●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, pp. 60-61)

Father (Abbé) Folliet●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005)

Francis Lassoie●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 163)

Paul Vanderheynst●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2005, p. 163)


Central Bureu for Relief of the Evangelical Churches in Europe (Subak, 2010, p. 117)

Worked with Unitarian Service Committee (USC) in France to help refugees.


Central Commission of Jewish Assistance Organizations (Commission Central des Organizations Juives d’Assistance; CCOJA; Bauer, 1981, p. 161; Cohen, 1987, pp. 43-47, 58-59, 61; Marrus & Paxton, 1981, p. 157; Rayski, 2005, pp. 59-60, 67, 113, 296, 371n30)

At the end of October 1940, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, under Joseph Schwartz and Herbert Katzki, helped organize an important umbrella organization for the relief of Jews.  It was called the Central Commission of Jewish Assistance Orgaizations.  The Chief Rabbi of France, Isaie Schwartz, and Rabbi René Hirshler helped organize the Commission.  The Commission worked closely with the French FSJ (Federation of Jewish Societies of France) and the Refugee Aid Committee and the OSE (Children’s Aid Rescue Society).

The CCOJA worked closely with the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), under American Donald A. Lowrie, which became an umbrella organization.  It also worked closely with the American Frineds’ Service (Quakers) and the Polish Red Cross.

The CCOJA was disbanded in March 1942, unable to achieve many of its goals.  It later morphed into the Nîmes Coordination Committee, also known as the Camps Committee.


Central Relief Council (RGO; Rada Glowna Opiekuncza), Poland (JDC Archives NYC; Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 173; Bauer, 1981)

Mrs. Alexsandra Dargiel, chairwoman (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 60, 173)

Dr. Weichert (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 245)


Centre d’Accuel, near Perpignan, France, established early 1941, see also Offices Néerlandeais (Moore, 2010, pp. 28-29)

Hid and supported Jewish and other refugees waiting to escape France.  Kolkman pretended to be a Dutch colonel.  He provided Dutch visas.  He also helped downed Allied pilots evade capture.

Joseph Kolkman+* (Moore, 2010, p. 29)


Centre Américain de Secours (American Relief Centre, Marseilles), see Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC)


Chambon-sur-Lignon, town, see Le Chambon-sur-Lignon


Champagnat French Boarding School, Marist Catholic Order, Budapest, Hungary


Château de Sorinne la Longue, boarding school near Namur/Namen, Belgium, hid 27 Jewish girls (Gutman, 2005, p. 57)

Oscar Devosal●, director

Anne-Marie Buchet-Bodart●, teacher

Marie-Madeline Misson-Bodart●, teacher


Chateau de la Hille Orphanage (Rescue Network), Départment of Ariège, France, see also Swiss Rescue, Swiss Red Cross (Secours Suisse aux Enfants)

Rösli (Rosa) Naëf●, headmistress

Anne-Marie Im Hof-Piquet● (Swiss)

Leon Balland● (French)

Bernard Bouveret

Victoria Cordier● (French)

Madeleine Cordier● (French)

Marie-Aimee Cordier (French)

Elénor Dubois● (Swiss)

Maurice Dubois● (Swiss)

Reneé Farny●

Germaine Hommel●

Hedwig Kundig

Frederic Reymond● (Swiss) (1907-1999)

Lilette Reymond● (Swiss) (d.2000)

Sébastian Steiger● (Swiss)

Margrit Tänner

Margareta (Gret) Tobler● (Swiss)


Village of Chavagnes-en-Paillers (Vendée), France, town of 2,900 people, saved 30 Jewish children, worked with Jewish group WIZO (Moore, 2010; Rousseau, 2004)

Suzanne Mathieu, courier, WIZO (Rousseau, 2004, p. 102)

Père (Father) Crouzat (Rousseau, 2004)

Mayor Gilbert de Guerry (Rousseau, 2004)

Foucault (Rousseau, 2004)

Hélène de Suzannet, member, Comète and Vanneau Resistance Network (Rousseau, 2004, pp. 67-68, 114)


Children to Palestine


Childrens Interaid Committee, Great Britain (became Refugee Childrens Movement, RCM, in 1939), see CIMADE (Bentwich, 1956; Berghahn, 1984; Gilbert, 1979; Gutman, 1990, p. 608; Sherman, 1973; Stevens, 1975; Wasserstein, 1979)


Chilean Legation, Romania, 1943

The Jewish Council in Romania contacted the Chilean legation in Bucharest and persuaded them to provide refugees with protective documents.  Polish interests in Romania were represented by Chile.  This was done after much prodding and by the intervention of the Chief Rabbi.  In March 1943, Chile broke relations with Romania.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), p. 349.)


Chinese Embassy, Berlin, Germany(Diplomatic Archives, Republic of China, 1938-1945, Taiwan; Fry, 1945; sample of diplomatic stamp in US Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives)


Chinese Consulate, Hamburg, Germany (Diplomatic Archives, Republic of China, 1938-1945, Taiwan; Fry, 1945; sample of diplomatic stamp in US Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives)

Chinese Diplomat, 1939

There is a copy of a Chinese visa issued to a Jewish family, which states “Multiple entry to Shanghai for one year, Republic of China, July 10, 1939, issued in Hamburg, Germany.”  This visa was issued to the grandfather of Claudia Cornwall.  (Cornwall, 1995, pp. 58-61)


Chinese Consulate, Vienna, Austria (Diplomatic Archives, Republic of China, 1938-1945, Taiwan; Fry, 1945; Ho autobiography; sample of diplomatic stamp in US Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives)

Dr. Feng Shan Ho●, Consul General of China in Vienna, 1938-40

Dr. Feng Shan Ho was among the early diplomats to save Jews during the Holocaust. Ho issued numerous visas to Jews seeking to escape Austria after the Anschluss of 1938. These visas enabled thousands of Jewish refugees to reach safe haven in North and South America, Cuba, the Philippines, Palestine and Shanghai. Many Jews were released from Nazi concentration camps on the strength of Chinese visas. Ho issued the life-saving visas on his own authority, despite orders to desist and a reprimand from his superiors. Many of these visas were to rescue and relief organizations all over Europe.  In particular, Ho issued visas to Recha Sternbuch, who was operating out of Switzerland.  Ho issued hundreds of visas to Sternbuch.  Ho also issued visas to the Af-Al-Pi (“Despite Everything”) Perl transport.  The Director of the Kulturgemeinde (Jewish Community Center) in Vienna, Dr. Joseph Löwenherz, encouraged Jews to immigrate to Palestine.  Ho provided many visas to representatives of the Kulturgemeinde.  After the war, he continued a 40-year diplomatic career in the Mideast and Latin America. Ambassador Ho died in San Francisco in September 1997 at age 96.  Dr. Ho was awarded the status of Righteous Among the Nations by the state of Israel in October 2000.  (Ho, Feng Shan. Forty Years of My Diplomatic Life. (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1991). Friedenson, Joseph, and David Kranzler, forward by Julius Kuhl. Heroine of Rescue: The Incredible Story of Recha Sternbuch Who Saved Thousands from the Holocaust. (Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications, 1984).  Perl, William R. The Four-Front War: From the Holocaust to the Promised Land. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1978), pp. 42-43.)


Chinese Consulate, Milan, Italy (Diplomatic Archives, Republic of China, 1938-1945, Taiwan; Fry, 1945; sample of diplomatic stamp in US Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives)

Lai Sai Lo, Chinese Diplomat in Milan, Italy, 1939-?

This diplomat issued visas to Austrian Jewish families.  There is a copy of a visa issued to a Jewish family that states:  “Vu au Consulat de Chine à Milan pour la Lombardie, pour se rendre en Chine, Milan le 10 Febrier 1939, Le Consul.”  There is a Chinese signature chop with the name Lai Sai Lo and a seal of the Consulat de la Republique de Chine a Milan.  (Kranzler, 1987, pp. 195, n4)


Chinese Consulate, Marseilles, France (Diplomatic Archives, Republic of China, 1938-1945, Taiwan; Fry, 1945; sample of diplomatic stamp in US Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives)

Li Yu-Ying, Chinese Consul in Marsailles, France, 1940

Li Yu-Ying was the acting Chinese Consul in Marseilles in 1940.  He was also the President of the National Academy there.  Many refugees in Marseilles received a visa stamp from Li Yu-Ying.  In Chinese characters that virtually no one could read, the stamp read, “Under no circumstances is this person to be allowed entrance to China.”  Anxious refugees used the visa stamp as an exit visa.  Frank Bohn, of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), Varian Fry of the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), and other rescue and relief agencies utilized many of these Chinese visas to help refugees leave France for Spain, Portugal and other parts of Europe.  (Fry, 1945, pp. 15-17; Marino, 1999, pp. 108, 119; Ryan, 1996)


Christian Friendship (Amitié Chrétienne; AC), Lyon, France, 1940-1944; Christian rescue network, staunchly anti-Nazi. Founded by Father Pierre Chaillet● and Jean-Marie Soutou● after the Statut des Juifs was enacted on June 2, 1941; worked with OSE in Southern France (Delpard, 1993; Gutman, 1990; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 132-133, 268, 441, 467; Kieval, 1973; Marrus & Paxton, 1981, pp. 207-209; Moore, 2010, pp. 57, 58, 123, 125, 128, 137; Poznanski, 1993; Rosengart, 1993; Samuel, 2002; Zeitoun, 1996)

Cardinal Pierre-Marie Gerlier●, head of the Catholic Church in France, honorary president, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 268, 506)

Father (Abbé) Alexander Glasberg● (alias “Covin”) , awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 203, p. 574; Samuel, 2002, p. 73)

Jesuit Father Pierre Chaillet●+, Bishop Delay of Marseilles, Lyons, founder, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 15, 1981 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 132-133, 195, 467, 506)

Jean-Marie Soutou●+, founder, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 22, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 195, 506; Samuel, 2002, pp. 73-74)

Sister Denise Aguadich● (Sister Joséphine), Notre-Dame de Sion, Grenoble, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 24, 1990 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 33)

Pastor Marc Boegner●, honorary president, president of the Protestant Church in France, head of CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 21, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 195, 268; Moore, 2010, pp. 101, 128-129, 131)

Father Roger Braun●, chaplain of Gurs and Rivesaltes French camp, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 13, 1972 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 108, 467)

Francois de Cellery d’Allens●, Lyons, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 182, 194)

Marie Antoinette Cipan●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 10, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 153)

PaulCipan●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 10, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 153)

Father Jean Fleury●, Poitiers (Vienne), Garel Network OSE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 24, 1964, see Father Jean Fleury Rescue Network (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 241-242, 448-449)

Georges Garel●, head of Garel Rescue Network, worked with OSE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 448-449)

Mme. Granet (Gutman, 2003, p. 153)

Edmond Michelet●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 153)

Louis Paulin●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 19, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 33, 428)

Josephine Paulin●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 19, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 33, 428)

Raymond Pichon●, commander police station, Nerac, France (Lot-et-Garonne), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title November 10, 1997 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 441)

Baron Olivier de Pierrbourg●, layperson, Lyons, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 3, 1982 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 193)

Pierrette “Cathy” Poirier●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title Marcy 27, 1979 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 448-449)

Jacqueline de Pury●, wife of Pastor Roland de Pury, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 13, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 194-195)

Pastor Roland de Pury●, Lyons, France, cofounder of Amitié Chrétienne, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 132, 133, 467)

Germaine Ribière●, layperson, student, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 18, 1967 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 195, 467)

General Pierre Robert de Saint-Vincent●, Military Governor of Lyons, France, leader Armée Secrète (Secret Army), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 472-473)

Bishop Jules Saliege●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 467)

Vivette Samuel (Jewish), OSE (Samuel, 2002, pp. 73-74)

Gaston Vincent●, Marseilles, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 543-544)

Michael Vincent●, Marseilles, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 543-544)

Susanne Jacquet Vincent, Marseilles (Gutman, 2003, pp. 543-544)

Mother Magda Zech (Gutman, 2003, p. 552)


Christian Peace Corps, Refugee Section

Dr. Gertrud Kurtz

Pastor Hans Schaffert●


Christian Reception Home for Children (La Maison d’Acceuil Chrétienne pour Enfants), Vence (Maritime Alps), France, large shelter to hide Jewish children (Gutman, 2003, p. 239; Lowrie, 1963; Marino, 1999; Ryan, 1996)

Joseph Fisera, Czech citizen

Helped at Czech consulate in Marseilles.  Saved Jews from Germans.  Worked under Czech Consul Vladimir Vochoc and Donald Lowrie (YMCA, Czech Aid).  Helped Jews get out of French camps.  Later, set up Christian Reception Home for Children in Vence, France.  Gave out forged ID cards.  Worked with OSE.  Arrested and tortured by the Nazis.  Awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 13, 1998. (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 239)


Christian Workers Youth (JOC)


Christianshaven High School, Copenhagen, Denmark


Church of England (Episcopal), lobbied British government to admit more Jewish refugees to England after Nazi takeover of Germany and Austria (Gutman, 1990, p. 295)

Church leadership:

William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury

George Bill, Bishop of Chichester

Committee for Non-Aryan Christians, Great Britain, est 1933


Church of Scotland, Nonsectarian Refugee Relief Agency


Church of the Brethren, Brethren Service Committee, Elgin, IL, USA, established 1939 (Romanofsky, Social Srvice Organizations, pp. 191-195.  Sappington, R.E., Brethren Social Policy 1908-1958. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1961, pp. 102-103.  Church of the Brethren Archives.)


CIMADE, see Committee for Action on Behalf of Refugees, France


“The Circle,” see “The Study Circle”


Citizens’ Committee on Displaced Persons, New York, NY, USA, established 1946


Civic Self-Defense Organization, Poland (Społezna Organizacja Samoobrony)

Zofia Kossak-Szczucka (1890-1968)


Clandestine Fighting Organization (SOB), also called Socialist Fighting Organization, Poland

Drawn from members of the Polish Socialist Party, it helped Polish Jews in ghettoes and camps.  (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 99)

Michal Borwicz (“Ilian,” “Boruchowicz”), Polish Socialist Party (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 99)

Bronislaw Jakubowizc (“Bronek”; Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 99)

Ryszard Axer (“Rysiek”; Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 99)


Clandestine Organization of Journalists

Founded by former members of the Journalists’ Union and Press Syndicate Board.  Hid, sheltered, fed and aided Jewish journalists during the German occupation of Poland.  (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 121)

It was headed by:

Witold Gielzynski

Wladyslaw Dunin-Wasowicz+ (1877-1950), retired Polish major, imprisoned in Pawiak Prison in Warsaw

Medard Kozlowski

Jerzy Nowakowski

Jerzy Wiewiorski

Kedzierski

Gornicki


“Clarence Network,” Belgium, see Van den Berg Network (Gutman, 2005, pp. 252-253)

Albert van den Berg+ (Gutman, 2005, pp. 252-253; Moore, 2010, pp. 198-199)


Clothes-Collecting Company, Budapest, Hungary (Section T), see International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Hungary


Combat Group of The PPS (Oranizacja Bojowa PPS, Polska Partia Socalistyczna), Founded 1940


Comitato di Liberazione (CLN), see Committee of National Liberation, Italy


Comité Belge Contre le Racisme, Belgium (Steinberg, Maxime, 1986)

Emile Hambresin, president, former editor L’Avant Gard, member Ligue pour Combatte l’Antisémitisme


Comité d’Aid aux Étudiants, France (Moore, 2010, p. 118)


Comité d’Aid aux Réfugiés (Moore, 2010, p. 57)


Comité d’Entr’aide, see Mutual Aid Committee


Comité d’Inter Mouvement après des Evacues (CIMADE), see Committee for Action on Behalf of Refugees


Comité de Nimes, see Nimes Committee, France


Comité des Oeurves Sociales des Organisations de Resistance, France

Madame Andre Phillip, Delage, France


Comité de Vigilance des Intellectuals Antifascistes (CVIA), Belgium (Moore, 2010)


Comité Général de Défense, France


Comité International de la Croix Rouge, see International Committee for the Red Cross


Comité National de Secours Aux Refugies, see National Committee for Aid to Refugees, France


Commisão Portuguesa de Assistencia aos Judeos Refugiados, Lisbon Portugal (JDC Archives, NYC; HIAS-HICEM Archives, YIVO, NYC)

Augusto d’Esaguy

Samuel Sequerra


Commission for Polish Relief (CPR), Poland, USA

Maurice Pate, director

John Hortigan

Columba P. Murray


Committee for Action on Behalf of Refugees (Comité d’Inter Mouvement après des Evacues; CIMADE), France, established 1939, see also Archdiocese of Toulouse, France; Diocese of Nice, France; Pères de Sion, France; American Friends Service Committee (AFSC); Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA); Swiss Children’s Rescue Organization; Czech Aid; Douvaine Escape Network; Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon; Christian Friendship

CIMADE was part of, and sponsored by, the World Council of Churches.  CIMADE maintained four stations: Marseilles, Vabre, Pomeyol and Le-Chambon-sur-Lignon.  CIMADE had teams in the following French concentration camps: Rivesaltes, Brens, Le Récébédou, Nexon and Gurs.  They provided aid and relief to prisoners.  They also aided prisoners to gain release from the camps.

(YV M31/3830 [Barot]; YV M31/3369 [Henri Mannen]; YV M31/2698 [Marc Boegner]; Barot, 1968; Delpard, 1993; Fabre, 1970; Fayol, 1990; Gutman, 1990; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 268; Hallie, 1979; Lazare, p. 53; Moore, 2010; Mouchon, 1970; Poliakov, 1946; Rayski, 2005; Ryan, 1996, pp. 11, 160, 220; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 5, 68, 72, 75, 120, 228, 229, 248; René Nodot, “Résistance non violente, 1940-1944,” [unpublished manuscript], 1978; CIMADE report, “Parlons de la CIMADE,” February 15, 1950, CDJC, CCI-49; Geneviève Priacel-Pittet (Tatchou) report, “Passages de frontiers” (116-21); Suzanne Loiseau-Chevalley report, “Sur la frontier” (147-53); Jeanne Merle d’Aubigné, Violette Mouchon; Émile C. Fabre, eds., Les Clandestins de Dieu: CIMADE 1939-1945, (Paris: Fayard, 1968); God’s Underground: CIMADE 1939-1945, (St. Louis: Bethany Press, 1970; Joseph Bass Report, “L’Englise Protestant,” [n.d.].)

Cardinal Pierre Marie Gerlier●, head of the Catholic Church, Lyons Diocese, primate of Gaul, honorary president, Amitié Chrétienne (Christian Friendship), CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 15, 1981 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 268, 289; Hallie, 1979, pp. 41-42; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 62, 72, 74, 139, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150, 297n75, 311n32)

Pastor Marc Boegner●, president of the Protestant Church in France, co-founder and head of CIMADE (Comité Inter-Mouvements Aupres des Evacues), Amitié Chrétienne (Christian Friendship), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 21, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 89-90, 195, 268; Hallie, 1979, p. 43; Moore, 2010, pp. 101, 128-129, 131; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 58-59, 62, 141, 146, 150)

Mireille Philip●, co-founder CIMADE, smuggled young Jews to Switzerland, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 18, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, p. 439)

Madelein Barot●, co-founder of CIMADE, general secretary, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 28, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 57, 402; Hallie, 1979; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 68-69, 71-72, 228, 230, 231, 246)

Fanny Barouch●, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)

Rolande Birgy●, CIMADE, guide, Jeunesse Ouvriere Chrétienne (JOC), escoreted refugees to safety, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives, Birgy testimony, 1987; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 249-356n4)

Pastor Joseph Bourdon●, CIMADE, Protestant Seminary, Mende, capital of the Department of Lozère, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 22, 1983 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 101-102, 257-258)

Mme. Henriette Bourdon●, CIMADE, wife of Pastor Joseph Bourdon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 22, 1983 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 101-102, 257-258)

Pastor Paul Brunel● (b. 1884), CIMADE, Prostestant Church, Nimes, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 5, 1984 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 115-116)

Mme. Brunel●, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 5, 1984 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 115-116)

Pastor Chalres Cadier, CIMADE, helped prisoners in French concentration camps (Fabre, 1970, p. 67)

Pastor Paul Chapal, CIMADE, hid Jews in his church and residence (Fabre, 1970; Nodot, 1978; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 248, 355n3)

Pastor Charles Cuillon, CIMADE (Fabre, 1970)

Jeanne Merle d’Aubigné, CIMADE activist, worked in CIMADE with Madelein Barot (Fabre, 1970, p. 31; Gutman, 2003, p. 57)

Pastor J. Delpech, CIMADE (Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003)

Father Théomir Devaux●, head of Les Pères de Sion Convent, Church of Saint Sulpice, Paris, France, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title August 6, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 201-202; Zuccotti, 1993)

Pastor André Dumas●, CIMADE, Rivesaltes French detention camp, Pyrenees Orientals, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 26, 1944 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 214-215)

Léon Eyraud●, (alias “Père Noël”), CIMADE, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 28, 1987 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 231-232; Hallie, 1979, pp. 178, 185, 188)

Madam Antoinette Eyraud●, CIMADE, wife of Léon Eyraud, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 28, 1987 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 231-232; Hallie, 1979, pp. 127, 177-179, 185, 199, 296)

Father Louis Favre+*, teacher, École Saint Francis, Ville La Grand, near Annemasse, CIMADE, helped smuggle Jews from his school on the Swiss-French border to the safety of Switzerland; arrested, tortured and murdered by Gestapo July 1944 (Haymann, 1984, pp. 129-131; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 250-251)

Father (Abbé) Camille Folliet●, Annancy, founder CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 3, 1991 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 242, 439)

Dr. Jean Guillard, MD●, CIMADE, St. Jean-en-Royan area, Department of Drôme, Vecors Mountains, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 10, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 289-290)

Renée Guillard●, CIMADE, wife of Dr. Jean Guillard, St. Jean-en-Royan area, Department of Drôme, Vecors Mountains, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 10, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003,pp. 289-290)

Pastor Charles Guillon●, CIMADE, mayor of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 5, 1991 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 291)

Jules Hébrard●, CIMADE, Lasalle, Department of Gard, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 9, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 300)

Odette Hébrard●, CIMADE, wife of Jules Hébrard, Lasalle, France, Department of Gard, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 9, 1996 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman,2003, p. 300)

Abbé/Father Marius Jolivet●, CIMADE, Collonges, France, guided Jews to Swiss border, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Nodot; Zuccotti, 1993, p. 250)

Joseph Lancon*● (“Jo”), CIMADE, layperson, Village of Veigy-Foncenex, member of the Douvaine Rescue Network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 16, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 337, 433)

Thérèse (Neury) Lancon●, CIMADE, daughter of Joseph Lancon, layperson, Village of Veigy-Foncenex, member of the Douvaine Rescue Network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 16, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 337, 433)

Pastor Liotard, Belgrade, CIMADE, distributed clothing, food and supplies for Jews in hiding (Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)

Suzanne Loiseau-Chevalley, CIMADE (Fabre, 1970; Nodot, 1978; Priacel-Pittet (Tatchou) report; Suzanne Loiseu report; Zucotti, 1993, pp. 248, 355n3)

Simone Mairesse●, CIMADE, Mazet-Saint-Voy, Service André, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 26, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 369-370)

Henri Manen●, chaplain, Les Milles French concentration camp, Aix-en-Provence, France, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 20, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 370-371)

Alice Manen●, CIMADE, wife of Henri Manen, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 20, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 370-371)

Pastor Jacques Martin●, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 6, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 378-379)

Simone Martin●, CIMADE, wife of Pastor Jacques Martin, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 6, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 378-379)

Dr. Heinrich Mayer (MD), CIMADE, nurse, Swiss Aid, helped organize food supplies in French concentration camps, worked with CIMADE (Fabre, 1970, p. 66)

Hubert Meyer● (b. 1915), CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 7, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 396-397)

Pastor André Morel●+, chaplain, Gurs French detention camp (1941-1942), Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, member of CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title September 23, 1990 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970, pp. 26, 66; Gutman, 2003, p. 402; Halle, 1979)

Pierre Ogier●, CIMADE, Lyons, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 13, 1997 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 413-414)

Henriette Ogier●, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 13, 1997 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, pp. 413-414)

François Périllat●+*, CIMADE, layperson, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 6, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 337)

Georges Perrod●, CIMADE, Douvaine Rescue/Escape Network, Douvaine, France, school principal, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 17, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)

Maria Perrod●, wife of Georges Perrod, CIMADE, Douvaine Rescue/Escape Network, Douvaine, France, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 17, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003)

Mireille Philip●, Départment of Haute-Savoie, CIMADE, smuggled Jews from Le Chambon to Switzerland, she worked with Father Camille Folliet, Father Jean Rosay, Pierre Piton, Albert Roux, Mme. Roux, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 18, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 439, 485)

Pierre Piton● (b. 1925), CIMADE, Collège Chévenol, helped smuggle Jews to Switzerland, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 16, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 439)

Geneviève Priacel-Pittet (YV M31/4872 [Folliet]; Fabre, 1970; Lazare; Loiseau-Chevally Report; Priacel-Pittet (Tatchau) Report; Zuccotti, 1993, p. 248)

Pastor Jacques Rennes, CIMADE, chaplain, French concentration camps, helped prisoners in camps (Fabre, 1970, pp. 67-68)

General Pierre Robert de Saint-Vincent●, CIMADE, Military Governor of Lyon, France, member Secret Army, Christian Friendship and Marc Boegner Rescue Network, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 472-473)

Father Jean Rosay●+* (killed), CIMADE, Douvaine Escape/Rescue Network, Douvaine, Department of Haute-Savoie, France, died in Bergen Belsen concentration camp, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 23, 1991 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 337, 433, 439, 480; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 249, 356n4; Roland Birge testimony, pp. 31-33, 32, Thérèse Neury testimony, pp. 34-35, and Suzanne Loiseau testimony, pp. 34-35, in “Résistance non violente: La filière de Douvaine—l’Abbé Jean Rosay, Joseph Lancon, François Perillat—morts en deportation,” Douvaine, Haute-Savoie, unpublished brochure, May 24, 1987)

Albert Roux●, CIMADE, Chaumargeais (Department Haute-Loire), Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, worked with OSE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 18, 1990 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 231; Hallie, 1979)

Mme. Roux●, wife of Albert Roux, CIMADE, Chaumargeais (Department Haute-Loire), Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, worked with OSE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 18, 1990 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 231, 439)

Elie Russier●, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 26, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 491)

Marie Russier●, wife of Elie Russier, CIMADE, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 26, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 491)

Reverend Saint-Martin, CIMADE, Department of Grad, Pastor Marc Boegner Rescue Network, hid Jew in home of Jules Hébard and his wife, Odette Hébard (Gutman, 2003, p. 300)

Jacques Saussine*, CIMADE, Camp Récébédou, French detention camp, died of appendicitis in Récébédou (Fabre, 1970, p. 30)

Pastor Hans Schaffert (Swiss), CIMADE, Gurs Camp

Minister Elizabeth Schmidt, CIMADE, Gurs French detention camp, contracted typhoid in Gurs (Fabre, 1970, pp. 30, 73-74)

Jean Marie Soutou●+, CIMADE, Lyon area, helped found Christian Friendship (Amitié Chrétienne) with Father Pierre Chaillet in 1941, arrested with Chaillet for helping Jews, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 22, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 268, 506)

Pastor Pierre Toureille●, CIMADE, served as chaplain to prisoners in French concentration camps, appointed by Pastor Marc Boegner, deputy chairman Nimes Committee (Comité de Nîmes), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title November 6, 1973 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970, p. 44; Gutman, 2003, p. 525)

Magda Trocmé●, CIMADE, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 5, 1971 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Hallie, 1979, pp. 19-21, 64-67, 149-150, 152-156, 161-163, 195-196, 259, 265; Zuccotti, 1993, p. 229)

Pastor André Pascal Trocmé●, CIMADE, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title January 5, 1971 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Hallie, 1979, pp. 16-24, 49-72, 99-107, 221-231, 256-259; Zuccotti, pp. 212, 228-230, 246)

Daniel Trocmé●*, CIMADE, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, head of Maison des Roches (children’s home), awarded Righteous Among the Nations title March 18, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, pp. 529-530; Hallie, 1979, pp. 168, 181, 205-217, 219, 221, 247, 259; Zuccotti, 1993, p. 230)

Pastor Édouard Theis●+, CIMADE, director, College Cevenol, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, arrested and interned by Germans for helping Jews, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 15, 1981 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 519; Hallie, 1979, pp. 4-7, 12, 22-44, 61, 82-85, 177, 232-233; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 221, 229)

Mildred Theis●, CIMADE, wife of Pastor Edouard Theis, Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 15, 1981 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003, p. 519; Hallie, 1979, pp. 5, 12, 27, 82, 251; Zuccotti, 1993, pp. 221, 229)

Emma Voirin●, CIMADE, layperson, hid and protected young Jewish girl in their home, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 18, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)

Jean Voirin●, CIMADE, layperson, hid and protected young Jewish girl in their home, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 18, 1989 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fabre, 1970; Gutman, 2003, p. 544)

Reverend Clayton Williams, CIMADE, pastor, American Church, Paris, France (Fabre, 1970, p. 62)


Committee for the Defense of Jews (Comité de Défense des Juifs; CDJ), Belgium (Steinberg, 1973)

Jewish resuce and relief organization.  Supported by many non-Jews and non-Jewish organizations in Belgium.  Cooperated with Fronte Independence, the Red Cross, Secours d’Hiver (Winter Help), Secours Mutuel (Mutual Help), Secours Populaire, Secours Sioniste, Solidarité Juive (Jewish Colidarity), Oeuvre Nationale de l’Enfance (ONE), American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), Banque de Brussels, Save the Children Fund, Société Belge de Banque, Société Général.

Hertz (Josph/Ghert) Jospa (Jewish), founder

Yvonne Jospa (Jewish)

Emile Hambresin, president Comité Belge Contre Racisme, member Ligue pour Comattere l’Antisemitisme


Committee for the Relief of Stateless Refugees, Stockholm, Sweeden (Founded by US Minister Johnson and War Refugee Board, WRB, Rep. Ivor C. Olsen) est. June 1944


Committee for the Support of Intellectual Refugees, Denmark, established Autumn 1933 (Yahil, 1969, p. 18)

Founded to support Jewish refugee intellectuals in Denmanr.

Niels Bohr, founder

Harald Bohr, founder

Aage Friis, chairman


Committee of Christian Brotherly Love (Sozietät der Christlichen Nächstenlieb), Würtemberg, Germany, Confessing Church, see also Fraternal Council (Bruderrat), Christian group that helped Jews hide from Nazi authorities (Gutman, 2007, pp. 85-86, 94, 127-128, 155)

Elizabeth Goes●, Gebensheim/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 94)

Pastor Eugen Stöffler●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 154-155)

Johanna Stöffler●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 154-155)

Ruth Stöffler●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 154-155)

Pastor Alfred Digler●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 84-85, 127-128)

Louise Digler●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 84-85, 127-128)

Theodore Dipper, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 84-85)

Pastor Otto Mörike●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 84-85, 127-128)

Gertrude Morike●, Köngen/Würtemberg, Germany, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 84-85, 127-128)


Committee on Children, composed of AFSC, Secours Suisse, OSE, operated in France (Ryan, 1996)


Committee on Displaced Social Workers, USA


Committee on Foreign Relief Appeals in the Churches, established 1939, USA (American Committee for Christian German Refugees, 1945; Davie, 1947; Genizi, 1983; Gutman, 1990, pp. 32-33; Nawyn, 1981; Ross, 1981)


Committee on Special Refugee Problems, Humanitarian, Non-Sectarian, International, “Dr. Joy’s Committee,” USA, advised War Refugee Board (WRB) in Washington on rescue, relief and refugee issues

(“Statement Regarding Relation of Unitarian Service Committee to the War Refugee Board,” BMS 16007, Box 26, UUSC Records, AHTL.  “History of the War Refugee Board,” WRB Papers, FDR Library, Hyde Park, New York. Subak, 2010, p. 190)


William Emmerson (Subak, 2010)


Robert Dexter, USC (Subak, 2010)


Charles Joy, USC (Subak, 2010)


Varian Fry, ERC (Subak, 2010)


Committee to Save the Jews of Europe (Bergson Group; Friedman, 1973; Penkower, 1981, pp. 281-309; Wyman, 1984; Wyman & Medoff, 2002)

The Committee to Save the Jews of Europe (the Bergson Group), originally called the Committee for an Army of Stateless Palestinian Jwes, was organized by Peter H. Bergson (Hillel Kook), in June 1943.  It was headquartered in the United States.  It was one of the leading rescue advocacy organizations in the world.  Bergson called for the creation of a Jewish army of stateless and Palestinian Jews.  Bergson organized numerous rallies throughout the United States to raise awareness of the murder of Jews in Europe.  Bergson was a leading advocate for the adoption of the Biltmore Resolution in May 1942, which separated the issue of rescuing Jews from the establishing of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.  Bergson’s activities were disparaged and criticized by mainstream American Jewish organizations.  The Bergson Group was the major catalyst for the creation of the War Refugee Board under the US Treasury Department.

Senator Edwin Johnson of Colorado was nominal chairman.  Other members included Pierre van Daassen and Congressman Will Rogers, Jr.

Some of the prominent Jewish members were Samuel Merlin, executive director, Ben Hecht, co-chair, Ira Hirschman, Max Lerner, Emil Lengyel and Louis Bromfield.  These were known as “Bergson’s Boys.”

Peter H. Bergson (Hillel Kook; Jewish), Palestine, head

Senator Edwin Johnson, USA, Colorado, chairman

Samuel Merlin, USA, co-chair

Congressman Will Rogers, Jr., USA, co-chair

Ben Hecht (Jewish), USA

Louis Bromfield (Jewish), USA

Emil Lengyel, co-chair

Max Lerner (Jewish), co-chair

Pierre van Paassen, co-chair

Ira Hirschmann (Jewish), 1943 (WRB representative, Turkey, 1944-1945)


Committee of National Liberation (Comitato di Liberazione; CLN) Italy


Committee of the 4th of May 1933, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp. 18-19)

Kai Simonsen (Jewish)


Communist Solidarity (Communist Solidarité), France, Belgium (Gutman, 1990, 2003)


Compagnons de France (Delpard, 1993,pp. 168-169; Moore, 2010, p. 276)

Some leaders and workers in Compagnons de France helped Jews.


Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), see American Federation of Labor (AFL & CIO), USA


Conseil National de la Resistance, France

Charles Guillon


Convent of the Benedictine Sisters (Catholic), “Sacrament Sisters,” Warsaw, Poland, hid Jews (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 170)


Coordinating Foundation, USA 1939, see also Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGCR)

Paul van Zeeland (former Prime Minister of Belgium)


Coordination Committee for Relief in Internment Camps, see Nîmes Committee, France


Cornell University German Department, Ithaca, NY, USA (Cornell Univ. Libraries, Dept. of Manuscripts and University Archives)


Costa Rican Consulate, Lisbon, Portugal

Costa Rican Consul in Lisbon

Dr. Abraham Silberschein participated in the rescue of Jewish refugees by obtaining various documents and papers from Latin American countries.  These included visas and “promesas,” which were documents that certified the refugee would be emigrating to the Latin American country.  The visas and “promesas” were given by the various consulates for a small fee or gratis.  These documents were sent to various rescue organizations throughout Europe.  (Eck, Nathan. “The Rescue of Jews With the Aid of Passports and Citizenship Papers of Latin American States.” Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance, 1 (1957), p. 133.)


Council for Aid to Jews, Poland, see Zegota


Council for the Rescue of the Jewish Population of Poland (Polish government-in-exile) est. April 1944 (Gutman, 1990)

Adam Ciolkosz, Head

De. Emanuel Scherer (Jewish)


Council of Elders, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, p. 37, 38), see also Union of Danish Youth

Jørgen Jørgensen, Danish Minister of Education, advisor, Union of Danish Youth (Dansk Ungdomssamvirk)


Council of Unity (Council of Nine), Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp. 34, 42, 49, 75, 94, 125, 231)

Vilhelm Buhl, Prime Minister of Denmark


Crakow Council for Aid to Jews, see Zegota


Crippa-Leoni Rescue Network, Italy (Gutman, 2007, p. lxxxiv)

Rescued Jews and Italian soldiers.  Hid Jews and conducted escapes to the Swiss border.  She was arrested in April 1944.

Professor Angela (Angelina) Crippa-Leoni+*


CS-6 Rescue Group, Amsterdam, Holland (Gutman, 2004, p. li)


Cuban Representation to the Holy See

Cuban Representative to the Holy See, 1942

The Cuban representative to the Holy See sent a message to Pope Pius XII asking him to publicly condemn Nazi atrocities being perpetrated in German-occupied areas of Europe.  (Tittmann, Harold H., Jr., Harold H. Tittmann III (Ed.). Inside the Vatican of Pius XII: The Memoir of an American Diplomat During World War II. (New York: Image Books Doubleday, 2004), pp. 117-118.)


Cuban Consulate, Vichy France

Cuban Consul in Vichy France, 1940-41?

The Cuban consulate in Vichy provided exit visas to Jewish refugees and to Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee and other rescue and relief operations active in Marseilles.  (Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. (New York: Random House, 1945), pp. 127-128.)


Czech Colonists, Volhynia Region (Luck, Rouno and Dudno, Poland)

Anna Lesakova


Czech Government-in-Exile, London, England

Edvard Benes, President (Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 179-180, 333. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust.  (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 70, 76, 80, 82, 112, 230.  Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), pp. 116-117.)

President of the Czechoslovakian government in exile, Edvard Benes, supported the rescue of Jews during the Holocaust.

Jan Masaryk, Foreign Minister (Czechoslovakia; Gutman, 1990, p. 333)

Jan Masaryk was the Foreign Minister of the Czech Government in Exile.  He was active in protesting the Nazi persecution of Jews in Czechoslovakia and throughout Europe.  He sent numerous radio messages sympathetic to Jews throughout Europe.

Herbert Ripka, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1944 (Braham, 1981, p. 1289n223)

The Acting Czechoslovakian Minister of Foreign Affairs Hubert Ripka requested that the Allied governments issue an emphatic demarche and warning to the German government regarding war crimes in the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp and elsewhere.

Ernst Frischer, Member, Czech State Council (Braham, 1981, p. 699)

Ernst Frischer, of the Czechoslovakian State Council, Czech Government in Exile, sent a report regarding the murder of Jews in East Central Europe.  The statement was included in a document submitted by Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, Jr., the US Ambassador to the Polish Government in Exile, in a report that was submitted to US President Franklin Roosevelt.


Czech Embassy, Switzerland

Dr. Jaromir Kopecky, Czechoslovakian Minister to Switzerland

Dr. Jaromir Kopecky was the Czechoslovakian Minister to Switzerland.  He received, by a Czech courier, a copy of the Auschwitz Protocols.  He in turn passed the information along to Gerhardt Riegner and the World Jewish Congress.  Further, Kopecky tried to convince the International Red Cross to help Jews imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps by having them treated as civilian internees.  (Bauer, Yehuda. American Jewry and the Holocaust. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), pp. 440-441.  Braham, Randolph L. The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 713.)


Czech Consulate, Marseilles, France

Vladimír Vochoc+, Czech Consul in Marseilles, France, 1940

Czech Consul Vladimir Vochoc, stationed in Marseilles, distributed many Czech passports on his own authority to Jews and anti-Nazis who wanted to escape from Marseilles to Spain and Portugal.  Vochoc worked closely with Varian Fry of the Emergency Rescue Committee (ERC), Dr. Frank Bohn of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Dr. Donald Lowrie of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in supplying Czech visas.  For his life-saving activities, Vochoc was arrested by Nazi and French authorities pending possible deportation.  Two months later, he managed to escape to Lisbon. 

(Gutman, 2003, p. 239;  Lowry, 1963, p. 48.  Fry, Varian. Surrender on Demand. (New York: Random House, 1945), pp. 18-19, 32, 40-41, 49, 57, 80-82, 208. Marino, Andy. A Quiet American: The Secret War of Varian Fry. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), pp. 107-108, 119, 137, 141, 192-193. Isenberg, Sheila. A Hero of Our Own: The Story of Varian Fry. (New York: Random House), pp. 38, 87, 111, 188. Klein, Anne. “Conscience, conflict and politics: The rescue of political refugees from southern France to the United States, 1940-1942.” Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 43 (1998), 298-299.  Archiv der socialen Demokratie, NL Vladimir Vochoc (transl. By Vera Pikow). Ryan, Donna F. The Holocaust and the Jews of Marseille: The Enforcement of Anti-Semitic Policies in Vichy France. (Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 1996), pp. 143-144, 148. Ebel, Miriam Davenport. An Unsentimental Education: A Memoir by Miriam Davenport Ebel. (1999).  Moore, 2010, pp. 23, 24-26.  Vochoc, Vladimír, Compte Rendu (London, 1941), 18.  Coll Archiv Joseph Fisera USHMM RG-43.028 A 0069.)

Joseph Fisera●, Czech student, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title June 13, 1988 (Yad Vashem Archives; Fry, 1945; Gutman, 2003, p. 239)

Aided Vochoc in saving Jews and others in Marseilles.  Later, set up Christian Reception Home for Children (La Maison d’Accueil Chrétienne pur Enfants) in Vence, France.


Czech Consulate

Anna Binder, Czech diplomat in Europe

Anna Binder, a Czech diplomat, was arrested for helping to hide Jewish property and transfer it overseas.  She was deported to the Auschwitz death camp in March 1942.  While there, she helped assign slave laborers to work that would save their lives.  She provided moral support to Jewish inmates.  For helping Jews, she was sent to do hard labor in Birkenau, where she fell gravely ill.  She survived the war.


Czech Red Cross, Prague, Czechoslovakia (Subak, 2010, pp. 4-5)

Aided Martha and Waitstill Sharp in setting up their relief and rescue work on ehalf of the Unitarian Service Committee for the USA.

Alice Masaryk, head, daughter of the president of Czechoslovakia (Subak, 2010, p. 4)


Czech Refugee Institute (Subak, 2010, p. 18)

Beatrice Wellington+, Canadian citizen (Subak, 2010, p. 18)


Czech Resistance Movement Representative

Dr. Jean Kopeck, Switzerland


Czechoslovakian Center for Aid (Chech Aid; Secours Tchèque), Marseilles, France, see also Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), Marseilles, France

(Fry, 1945; Gutman, 2003; Lowrie, 1963; Marino, 1999; Ryan, 1996, pp. 148-149, 152, 167, 216; Subak, 2010, pp. 34-35, 39-44, 51, 69, 81, 86, 88, 93, 105, 141, 143-144, 152, 153, 156, 177, 181-184)

Chairman, Donald Lowrie (USA), YMCA head, leader of the Nîmes Committee (Lowrie, 1963; Ryan, 1996; Subak, 2010)

Helen Lowrie (USA), YMCA (Lowrie, 1963; Ryan, 1996; Subak, 2010)

Consul Vladamir Vochoc, see Czech Consulate, Marseilles, France (Czechoslovakia; Lowrie, 1963; Ryan, 1996; Subak, 2010)

Joseph Fisera●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2003; Lowrie, 1963; Subak, 2010)

Lotte Hitschmanova, refugee volunteer (Subak, 2010, p. 129; Sanger, Clyde. Lotta and the Unitarian Service Committee Story. Toronto: Stoddard Publishing, 1986.)


Danish Brigade (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 167)


Danish Churches, clergy involved in resistance (Gutman, 2007, p. 62; Persson, 2009; Yahil, 1969, pp. 233-237)

Bishop Fugisang-Damgaard (Yahil, 1969, pp. 173, 207, 234-235, 308)

Kaj Munk (Yahil, 1969, p. 233)

Pastor Johannes Nordentoft (Yahil, 1969, p. 233)

Pastor Arnold Gunnerso●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Karen Gunnerso●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)


Danish Foreign Ministry (Persson, 2009; Yahil, 1969)

Nils Svenningsen, director general, Danish Foreign Ministry, 1940-1944

(Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Persson, 2009, pp. 105-106; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005.  Yahil, 1969, pp. 104, 106, 167, 168, 169, 173-174, 180, 195, 192, 200, 207-209, 212, 221, 235, 329. Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark.)

Erik Scavenius, director general, Danish Foreign Ministry (Yahil, 1969, pp. 34, 46, 47, 49, 56, 58, 67, 68, 75, 104, 107, 116, 121, 123)

Dr. Frants Hvass, Political Department, Danish Foreign Ministry

Dr. Hvass of the Danish Foreign Ministry, in the fall and winter of 1944, began diplomatic negotiations with Germany to secure the release of Danish prisoners.  Most of these prisoners were Danish Jews and were interned in Theresienstadt. 

(Persson, 2009, pp. 48, 102, 104-105, 107, 144-145, 150, 167, 173, 175-176, 190-192; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005.  Werner, Emmy E. A Conspiracy of Decency: The Rescue of the Danish Jews during World War II. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002), p. 116.  Yahil, 1969, pp. 174, 296, 303-312, 315.  Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark.)

Henrik Kaufman, Danish Ambassador to the United States, 1943?

Henrik Kauffmann was a Danish Minister to the United States during the October 1943 action against Jews in Denmark.  Kauffmann asked the American government for help in rescuing Danish Jews.  He offered to reimburse the United States or any government for monies expended in rescue efforts.  He raised and administered funds to support Danish Jews and other refugees in Sweden.  He also distributed funds from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.  He helped to develop the Danish underground’s foreign policy.  In addition, he notified the US Secretary of State of the deportation actions and kept the State Department apprised of Nazi actions in Denmark.  The US government took no action. 

(American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives, New York City.  Breitman, Richard. “American rescue activities in Sweden.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies.  Yahil.  Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 62, 358, 443 Fn 86.  Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark.)

O. C. Mohr, Danish minister to Germany, sought to protect Danish Jews who were deported to Theresein KZ in Prague, Czechoslovakia (Yahil, 1969, pp. 301, 304; Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark.)

Bjarne Paulson, Secretary, Danish Foreign Ministry

(Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark; Persson, 2009, p. 145, 177, 192; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005)

Johannes Holm, Information Department, Danish Foreign Ministry

(Holm, 1984; Persson, 2009, pp. 145-146; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005.  Yahil, 1969, p. 316.)


Danish Embassy, Washington, DC, USA

Henrik Kaufman, Danish Ambassador to the United States, 1943?

Henrik Kauffmann was a Danish Minister to the United States during the October 1943 action against Jews in Denmark.  Kauffmann asked the American government for help in rescuing Danish Jews.  He offered to reimburse the United States or any government for monies expended in rescue efforts.  He raised and administered funds to support Danish Jews and other refugees in Sweden.  He also distributed funds from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.  He helped to develop the Danish underground’s foreign policy.  In addition, he notified the US Secretary of State of the deportation actions and kept the State Department apprised of Nazi actions in Denmark.  The US government took no action. 

(American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives, New York City.  Breitman, Richard. “American rescue activities in Sweden.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies.  Yahil.  Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 62, 358, 443 Fn 86.  Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark.)


Danish Consulate, Hamburg, Germany

Reverend Yde, Danish Consul General in Hamburg, Germany (Persson, 2009, p. 191; Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark)


Danish Freedom Council, Copenhagen, Denmark, see Freedom Council, Denmark, established September 16, 1943 (Bertelsen, 1954; Goldberger p. 5; Gutman, 2007, pp. 60, 61; Yahil, 1969, pp. 209, 228-231, 252, 281)

The Danish Freedom Council was created to coordinate between underground and other Danish organizations that were resisting the Nazi occupation of Denmark.  It was founded on September 16, 1943, by Erling Foss and other resistance leaders.  It participated in the rescue of Danish Jews.  Erling Foss proposed creation of the Council in May 1943.  The Council opposed persecution of Jews in Denmark and helped create a popular movement by Danish citizens to save its Jews.

Erling Foss, founder (Yahil, 1969, pp. 183, 223-224, 229, 232, 236, 277, 374)

Mogens Fog (Yahil, 1969, pp. 34, 108, 116, 226)

Frode Jakobsen (Yahil, 1969, pp. 225-227, 252)

Arne Sørensen

Anna Christensen●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)


Danish Government, Danish Coast Guard, Navy, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp. 249, 257-258; Danmark Under Verdenskrig, p. 163, cited in Yahil, 1969)


Danish Government Officials (Goldberg; Persson, 2009; Yahil, 1969)

King Christian X●

King Christian X of Denmark refused to cooperate in the persecution or deportation of Danish Jews.  A popular but untrue story is that when the order came to force Jews to wear the yellow star, he threatened to wear the star himself.  The King later protested the German occupation.  Throughout the war, the King stood as a symbol of Danish resistance to the Nazis. 

(Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. xiii, 13, 61-64, 125-126, 209, 211, 364-365, 370. Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969). Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998), p. 231.  Yahil, 1969, pp. xiii, 13, 61-64, 125-126, 209-211, 365, 370.)

Erik Scavenius, director general, Danish Foreign Ministry 1940- (Yahil, 1969, pp. 34, 46, 47, 49, 56, 58, 67, 68, 75, 104, 107, 116, 121, 123)

Christmas Møller, leader Conservative Party, leader-founder Danish Resistance Movement (Yahil, 1969, pp. 16, 43, 65, 94, 225-226, 330, 342, 345, 355-356)

Alsing Andersen, chairman of Trade Unions, leader Social Democrats in Rigsdad (Parliament; Yahil, 1969, pp. 49, 125, 149, 207, 228, 238, 239, 280)

Ole Bjørn Kraft, representative of Conservative Folk Party, member Rigsdad’s Foreign Policy Committee (Yahil, 1969, pp. 49, 107, 125)

Danish Miniser of Religion

Hans Henrik Koch, Danish Ministry of Social Affairs

(Persson, 2009, pp. 48, 50, 162, 166-167, 191-192; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005. Yahil, 1969, p. 293.)

Henrik Kaufman, Danish Ambassador to the United States, see Danish Foreign Ministry

Finn Nielsen, Secretary, Danish Ministry of Social Affairs

(Danish Foreign Ministry Archives, Copenhagen, Denmark; Persson, 2009, pp. 48, 145, 248; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005)

Vilhelm Buhl, Danish Prime Minister, Council of Unity (Yahil, 1969, pp. 64, 75, 106, 108, 125, 227, 239, 369)

Hans Hedtoft, chairman Social Democratic Party

Hans Hedtoft, leader of the Danish Social Democratic Party (DSD) helped to organize the rescue of the Danish Jews in Copenhagen in October 1943.  He was notified by Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, the German Trade Attaché, of the planned deportation of Jews.  Hedtoft and several of his friends of the DSD helped in warning the Jewish population.  They were Vilhelm Buhl, Herman Dedichen and H. C. Hansen.  Hedtoft later served two terms as Prime Minister of Denmark.  (Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 18, 148, 214, 239.)

Nils Svenningsen, director general, Danish Foreign Ministry, 1940-1944, see Danish Foreign Ministry

Danish Supreme Court (Yahil, 1969)

Jørgen Jørgensen, Danish Minister of Education, member Council of Elders (Yahil, 1969, p. 38)


Danish Help Service, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp.346)

The Danish Help was a rescue operation that was founded in the spring of 1944. The route worked with Hendel’s rescue operation (Route).  It operated between Gothenburg and Jutland. Its leader was Werner Gyberg.

Werner Gyberg, leader (Yahil, 1969, p. 346)


Danish Hospitals (Yahil, 1969, pp. 241-246)

Bispebjerg Hospital, involved in rescue

Dr. K. H. Koster (Yahil, 1969, 241)

Kommunehospital

Dr. Steffen Lund (Yahil, 1969, pp. 242-245, 262)


Danish Ministry of Social Welfare, Denmark (Yahil, 1969, pp. 287-288, 292-293, 314-315, 491FN4, 492FN20; Goldberger, p. 52.)

The Danish Ministry of Social Welfare took over the work of private Danish organizations in sending relief packages to Danish Jews who had been deported to Theresienstadt concentration camp in Czechoslovakia.

H. H. Koch, Director-General, Ministry of Social Welfare and National Insurance.  Koch supervised the Danish relief efforts on behalf of Danish Jews who were deported to Theresienstadt.  He supervised relief money from the Fund of 1944.  This work was doen until the camp was liberated in April 1945.

Mogens Kirstein, Danish Ministry of Social Welfare.  Mogens Kirstein was an aide to H. H. Koch, Chief of the Ministry of Social Welfare.  Helped send relief supplies to Theresienstadt to Danish Jews who were imprisoned there.

Finn Nielsen, Danish Ministry of Social Welfare.  Finn Nielsen was an aide to H. H. Koch, Chief of the Ministry of Social Welfare.  Helped send relief supplies to Theresienstadt to Danish Jews who were imprisoned there.


Danish Navy (Yahil, 1969, pp. 125, 187, 314)

Admiral Carl Hammerich (Persson, 2009, pp. 40, 49-50; Yahil, 1969, p. 314)


Danish Police, Denmark (Knud Dyby interview, Holocaust Center of Northern California, Holocause Oral History Project, 1991; Dyby; Loeffler, 1999; Wener; Yahil, 1969, pp. 42, 127, 130, 152, 248-249, 272-274, 314, 357)

Knud Dyby, policeman, sailor, Copenhagen, Denmark (Loeffler, 1999)


Danish Quaker Center, Denmark (Goldberger, p. 5)

The Danish Quaker Center provided money and aid to Jewish refugees in Denmark.  The German occupation government forced it to close April 1941.


Danish Red Cross, Denmark (correspondence, German Red Cross Foreign Relations; Ege, 1963; Goldberger, p. 9; Persson, 2009, pp. 48-49, 87, 90, 144, 146, 165-166, 173, 193, 202, 219, 237; Tennenbaum, 1959; Yahil, 1969, pp. 292-293, 302-303)

The Danish Red Cross was given permission to send relief parcels to Danish Jews in the German concentration camp of Theresienstadt in Czechoslovakia in November 1943.  Letters, medicines and vitamins were sent.  The work was significantly helped by the work of Professor Richard Ege and his wife, Vibere Ege.  The work was also helped by the Danish Ministry of Social Welfare.  Most of the parcels were received.  The materials contributed to the health and survival of Danish Jews in Theresienstadt.

Professor Richard Ege (Yahil, 1969, pp. 246, 254, 292-294, 311)

Vibere Ege (Yahil, 1969, pp. 426, 253, 254, 292)


Danish Refugee Administration, Denmark


Danish Refugee Office, Sweden (Yahil, 1969, pp. 246-247)

The Danish Refugee Office helped Jews in Denmark to escape to Sweden.  It provided help to refugee Jews living in Sweden until the end of the war.  It was headed by Professor Stephan Hurwitz.

Professor Stephan Hurwitz, head.  Professor Stephan Hurwitz was rescued by Danish Resistance organizer Mogens Staffeldt of the Student Intelligence Service and taken to Sweden.  Hurwitz then became head of the Danish Refugee Office in Stockholm, helping Jews escape from Denmark and be settled in Sweden.


Danish Rescue and Resistance Members (Bertelsen, 1953; Gutman, 2007; Yahil, 1969)

Professor Mogens Fog, Danish resistance leader (Yahil, 1969, pp. 34, 108, 116, 226)

Hal Koch, professor of Theology, University of Copenhagen (Yahil, 1969, p. 293)

Christmas Møller, founder and leader, Danish resistance (Yahil, 1969, pp. 16, 43, 65, 94, 225-226, 330, 342, 345, 355-356)

Frederik Torm, professor, University of Copenhagen (Yahil, 1969, pp. 50, 87, 373)

Frode Jakobsen, founder, Study Circle (Yahil, 1969, pp. 225-227, 252)

Per Federspiel

Mrs. Ina Haxen, assistant to Professor Ege of the Study Circle (Yahil, 1969, p. 254)

David Sompolinski (Yahil, 1969, pp. 214-216, 232, 254-255, 267, 273)

Aage Bertelsen, leader, Lygby Rescue Group (Bertelsen, 1954)

Erling Kiaer, Lt. Danish Reserves, founder “Kiaer Line,” organized Danish refugee escape routes (Yahil, 1969, pp. 256-258)

Anna Christensen●, International League for Peace and Freedom, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 31, 1966 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 61)

Ester Handberg●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 26, 1994 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Esben Hansen●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Helga Hansen●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Pastor Arnold Gunnerso●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Karen Gunnerso●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title May 8, 1986 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 62-63)

Dagmar Lustrup●, Women’s Peace Organization, Thisted, in Jutland, Denmark, saved 20 Jewish teenagers, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 2, 1984 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 63)

Inga Norrild●, Lyngby Group, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title November 15, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 63-64)

Svend Norrild●, Lyngby Group, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title November 15, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 63-64)

Harald Petersen● (d. 1994) , awarded Righteous Among the Nations title November 15, 1995 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 64)

Henry Christian Thomsen●+* (1906-1944), Village of Snekkersten, North Zealand, Denmark, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 29, 1968 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 64-65)

Ellen Margrethe Thomsen●, Village of Snekkersten, North Zealand, Denmark, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 29, 1968 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 64-65)

Gerda Valetiner●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title July 24, 1968 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 65)


Danish-Swedish Refugee Service (Danske Flygtnige I Sverige, “The Ferrying Service”), Denmark (Flender pp. 168-176, 189; Yahil, 1969, pp. 349, 507 FN 83, 84)

Rescue organization and route began from Sweden. Many Jews were involved in establishing and operating this line. From October 1943 through May 1945, it rescued hundreds of Jews on 361 transports. It also was involved in underground resistance and intelligence operations.

Aage Heinberg

Ole Helweg, founder, Danish-Swedish Regugee Line

Brent Kalby

Ebbe Munch, Swedish branch, Danish Underground

Lt. Eric Staermose, Danish Naval Officer

Werner Christiansen, Inn owner

Edvard Tesdorpf, owner of estate at Gjøslev near Copenhagen


Death Camp Rescue, Aid and Resistance, see Auschwitz Birkenau Resistance, Belzec Resistance, Chelmno Resistance, Majdanek Resistace, Sobibor Resistance, Treblinka Resistance


Deffaugt Rescue Network, France (Yad Vashem; Gutman, 1990, pp. 355-356; Gutman, 2003; Minc, 1966, pp. 132-137)

Jean Deffaugt●, Mayor of Annemasse, France (near Swiss border)

Father Duret, Bonne-sur-Menoge


DELASEM (Aid Commission for Jewish Refugees; Delegazione Assistenza Emigranti; Delegation for the Assistance of Immigrants), Southern France, Rome, Italy, and Yugoslavia, established December 1939 under Unione delle Communitá Israelitche, see also Father Reppeto Rescue Network and Jewish Chrisan Aid Committee, Florance, Italy

DELASEM was an umbrella of several Jewish organizations both in France and in Italy.  It was founded in 1933.  In November 1939, DELASEM began operating as a relief and rescue organization.  It was headed by Vittorio Valobra and its secretary was Raffaele Cantoni.  It became a secret organization which, during the war years, operated in Italy, Yugoslavia and Southern France.  DELASEM also supported beleaguered Jews in these occupied areas.

During the war, it helped save thousands of Jews all over Europe.  In France and Italy, DELASEM was headed by Father Marie-Benoit●, a Capuchin monk.

DELASEM provided forged identity papers and ration cards.  More than 10,000 Jewish refugees were supported by DELASEM with money from the American Jewish Joint.  Prominent Jewish leaders of DELASEM included Vittorio Valobra (President), Settimio Sorani (Secretary), Angelo Donati, Aaron Kasztersztein, Rabbi Riccardo Pacifici, Stefan Schwamm, Dante Almasi, Enric Luzzato, Massimo Teglio and Francesco Repetto.

(Bauer, 1981; Carpi, 1994; Gutman, 2007, pp. 353, 367; Leboucher, 1969; Rayski, 2005; Zuccotti, 2000), see also Jewish-Christian Aid Committee, Florence, Italy

Father Pierre Marie-Bénoit● (Benedetto), President, Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; DELASEM), 1942-1945

Father Marie-Bénoit, a Catholic Capuchin monk, was an organizer of one of the most successful rescues of Jews in the Holocaust.  He worked in Southern France and later throughout Italy.  He organized the rescue of thousands of Jews and other refugees from the Nazis.  He was President of the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; DELASEM), a rescue and relief agency.  Bénoit worked with numerous diplomats from Switzerland, Romania, Hungary and Spain in helping Jews. Father Benedetto was known by his friends as the “Father of the Jews.”  Father Bénoit was declared Righteous Among the Nations in 1966. 

(Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1969).  Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 182-183. Poliakov, Leon, and Jacques Sabille.  Jews under the Italian occupation. (Paris: Éditions du Centre, 1955). Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 139-140, 174-176, 178-179, 190, 281n.52, 294nn.6, 7, 301n.26, 303n.39. Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 356, 364, 371, 388. Morley, John. Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1943. (New York: Ktav, 1980).  Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 144-147, 149, 178, 181-187, 197, 234, 236, 249-250, 256, 304, 307-308)

Lelio Vittorio Valobra (Jewish), Italy

Lelio Vittorio Valobra organized and administered the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem).  Valobra worked with Angelo Donati and Father Marie-Bénoit. 

(Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).  Zucotti, 2000, pp. 235-237, 245, 380n16, 385n30)

Dante Almansi, Italy, founder

Pastor Ammenti (Methodist), Italy

Eugenio Artom (Jewish), community leader, rescue activist, Florence (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 254, 385n22, 23)

Monsignor Vincenzo Barale, Turin, Italy, secretary of Cardinal Maurillo Fossati (Zucotti, 2000, pp. 239-245, 252-253, 256, 308, 381n9)

Cardinal (Archbishop) Pietro Boetto●, Genoa, Italy, encouraged and instructed local priests to help local Jews, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 400; Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 77, 235-236, 244, 269, 275, 371n29, 385n30)

Eugenio Bolaffio, (Gorizia) Italy

Father Leto Cassini●+ (b. 1902), parish priest, Varlungo, Florence, Italy, Jewish-Christian Aid Committee, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title December 14, 1965 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 372, 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 252-254, 256, 258, 322)

Matilde Cassin, worked with Father Ricotti to hide Jewish children (Pandolfini, Ebrei a Firenze, pp. 36-37, cited in Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 253, 384n12)

Swiss Consul Chauvet, Rome, Italy

Mr. Chauvet, of the Swiss legation in Rome, issued Swiss protective letters to Jews and certified that they were French citizens.  Eventually, Chauvet expanded his protection to falsely certify that all refugees were French.  Chauvet distributed false documents to hundreds of Jews.  He worked with the Jewish relief agency Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem) and Father Marie-Benoit.  (Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974), pp. 394-395, 399.)

Bishop of Chiavari, Italy

Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa, Archbishop of Genoa, Italy, Jewish-Christian Aid Committee (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 251-252, 256, 275)

Angelo Donati, Nice, France, Italy (Jewish)

Angelo Donati was an Italian banker in Nice, France.  He was appointed as an advisor to Italian occupation official Guido Lospinoso, who was the Inspector of Racial Policy.  Donati advised Lospinoso on Jewish affairs.  On numerous occasions, they resisted cooperating with planned German deportations.  He also worked with Italian Consul Alberto Calisse in Nice.  After the Italian withdrawal from southern France in September 1943, Donati continued his work to help save his fellow Jews in Italy.  Specifically, he worked with Father Marie-Benoit and the Jewish emigration association DELASEM.  Donati worked with Italian Consul General of Nice Alberto Calisse and Count Quinto Mazzolini.  (Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969). Poliakov, Leon, and Jacques Sabille.  Jews under the Italian occupation. (Paris: Éditions du Centre, 1955). Michaelis, Meir. Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922-1945. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 309-310, 342-344. Carpi, Daniel. Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia. (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 1994), pp. 71, 94-99, 139-142, 145-146, 153, 158, 174-180, 188-190, 240nn.46, 47, 281nn.50, 52, 295n.22, 301n.20, 302n.34.)

Mario Finzi, Italy

Cardinal Maurilio Fossati, Archbishop of Turin, Italy, helped DELASEM, distributed funds to Jews, worked with his secretary Monsignor Vincenzo Barale to aid Jews (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 239, 241, 243-245)

Hungarian Consul, Rome, Italy

Aaron Kasztersztein (Jewish), Member of the Executive Committee, Delasem, Rome

Aaron Kasztersztein was a Jewish member of the Executive committee of the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei

(Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem) and worked with Father Marie-Bénoit in protecting Jews in Rome, Italy.  (Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).)

Cyril Kotnik, Yugoslav consul, Rome, Italy

Fernando LeBoucher●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title

(Yad Vashem Archives.  Gutman, 2007.  Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969.)

Joseph (Giuseppe) Levi (Jewish), Member of the Executive Committee

Joseph Levi was a Jewish member of the Executive committee of the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem) and worked with Father Marie-Bénoit in protecting Jews in Rome, Italy.  (Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).)

Enrico Luzzato, Italy

Monsignor Giacomo Menghello, secretary to Cardinal Dalla Costa, liaison to Jewish-Christina Aid Committee (Zucotti, 2000, p. 252)

Mrs. Giacomo Meneghello, Florence, Italy

Giorgio Nissim, Lucca, Italy

Rabbi Riccardo Pacifici, Genoa (Jewish)

Father Arturo Paoli●, Lucca, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Father (Monsignor) Francesco Repetto●, Genoa, Italy, head of the Repetto Rescue Network, DELASEM, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title April 29, 1976 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, p. 400; Zucotti, 2000, p. 235-241, 244-246, 249, 252, 253, 255-256)

Father Cipriano Ricotti●, Dominican friar, San Marco Monastary, Florence, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title October 26, 1982 (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007, pp. 367, 401-402; Zucotti, 2000, pp. 252-253, 384n10, 385n25)

Father Carlo Salvi●, Italy, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Stefan Schwamm, Italy (Jewish), Member of the Executive Committee

Stefan Schwamm was a Jewish member of the Executive committee of the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem) and worked with Father Marie-Bénoit in protecting Jews in Rome, Italy.  On several occasions, Schwamm posed as Monsieur Bernard Lioré, a French delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to help Jews be released from imprisonment. 

(Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).  Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 171, 181, 186-187)

Settimio Sorani, Italy (Jewish), Member of the Executive Committee

Settimio Sorani was a Jewish member of the Executive committee of the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem) and worked with Father Marie-Bénoit in protecting Jews in Rome, Italy. 

(Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969).  Zuccotti, 2000, 175-176, 181-186, 197-198, 236, 256, 304-305)

Massimo Teglio, (Genoa) Italy

Father Raimondo Viale●, Borgo San Dalmazzo, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2007)

Rolando Vigevani (Jewish), DELASEM

Joseph Zeigler (Jewish), philanthropist, gave one million lire for aid to Jews in Florence; worked through DELASEM (Zuccotti, 2000, pp. 254, 385n24)

Helped by:

Mr. Charrier, Director of the Ration Card Office for Foreigners, Rome, Italy, 1943

Mr. Charrier was the Director of the Ration Card Office for Foreigners for the Italian government.  Charrier issued over 1,300 illegally-distributed ration cards to Jewish refugees trapped in Rome.  Charrier worked with Father Bénoit and the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem).  (Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969). Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Katz, Robert. Black Sabbath: A Journey Through a Crime Against Humanity. (Toronto: MacMillan, 1969).)

Dr. Angelo de Fiore, Director of the Questura Bureau for Foreigners, Rome, Italy, 1943

Dr. Fiore issued letters of identification and status for Jewish refugees on behalf of the Italian government.  He did this without official authorization.  For his work in helping Jews and other refugees, he was awarded 18 international decorations, including the French Legion of Honor.  He worked with Father Bénoit and the Delegazione Assistenze Emigranti Ebrei (Jewish Emigrant Association; Delasem).  Dr. Angelo de Fiore was awarded a special gold medal for his lifesaving activities in Italy by the Hebrew Union of Italy.  (Leboucher, Fernande. Translated by J. F. Bernard. Incredible Mission. (Garden city, NY: Doubleday, 1969). Waagenaar, Sam. The Pope’s Jews. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishers, 1974). Katz, Robert. Black Sabbath: A Journey Through a Crime Against Humanity. (Toronto: MacMillan, 1969).)


Delaware Valley College of Science and Agriculture, Doylestown, PA, USA, established 1896 (American Jewish Historical Society, records 1902-67)


Demény Group, Budapest, Hungary (Gutman, 2007, pp. 198-199, 219-220, 255, 266-267)

Worked in cooperation with Jewish Pioneering Zionist underground youth groups, especially Hashomer Hatzair, to rescue beleaguered Jews in Budapest.  Also saved Jews by helping them escape from forced labor service units in Hungarian countryside.  Apartments in Budapest served as safe houses for Jews in hiding.

Vera Demény+, leader

András Gimes●+

Mrs. Karoly Klement●

József Kákonyi●

Kalman Kraici●+, officer in the Hungarian Army, member Communist Party, commander underground rescue unit in Budapest

Vilmos Tartssay


De Micheli Aid and Resue Operation, Village of Sormano, Como province (near Canzo), Church of Santa Valeria (Gutman, 2007, p. 375)

Hid, sheltered and provided for 30 Jewish refugees.  Some were escorted to the Swiss border.  Ada and her husband, Mario, were arrested and questioned by authorities.

Dr. Ada De Micheli●+ (née Tommasi)

Mario De Micheli●+

Rector of Parish, Village of Sormano


The Denmark Lodge, Denmark (Goldberger, p. 26)

The Denmark Lodge provided money and aid to Jewish refugees in Denmark.  The German occupation government forced it to close in April 1941.


Den Norske Relief Central, Stockholm, Sweden, established summer 1940 (Persson, 2009, p. 38)


Department of Cooperation (Départment de Cooperation), Budapest, Hungary (Asaf, 1990; Braham, 1981; Levai, 1946)

Sándór Újváry, head (Gutman, 2007, p. 334)

Jozsef Eszterházy (Gutman, 2007, p. 268)

Imre Farkas (Gutman, 2007, p. 269)

Dr. Zóltan Farkas (Spanish consulate; Gutman, 2007, p. 269)

István Földiák (Gutman, 2007, p. 270)

Dr. Lázló Helle (Gutman, 2007, p. 270)

Zoltán Horváth (Gutman, 2007, p. 271)

Mrs. László Katona (Gutman, 2007, p. 273)

Milan Kosztics (Gutman, 2007, p. 274)

Major Istvá Fehér (Gutman, 2007, p. 269)


Department T (Transport Division), see International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC), Budapest, Hungary


Deutsche Emailwerke, Crakow, Poland, see Oscar Schindler Rescue Action


Dieulefit (Drôme), France, Rescue Network/Operation, saved Jews in hiding during German occupation (Moore, 2010, pp. 149-151; Suchon, 1989)

Beauvallon School

Marguerite Soubeyran (Moore, 2010, pp. 148-149; Souchon, 1989)

Jeanne Barnier, town clerk (Moore, 2010, p. 149; Souchon, 1989)

Mayor Pizot (Souchon, 1989, p. 46)

Henri Eberhard (Souchon, 1989)

Presbyterian Council (Souchon, 1989)

Pastor Debû-Bridel (Souchon, 1989)

Abbé (Father) Magnet+*


“Divers,” Onderdvikers, see National Organization for Assistance to Divers, The Netherlands


Lucian Dobrowszycki Coordinating Committee of Democratic and Socialist Doctors, established 1940, Warsaw, Poland

Professional Polish resistance group organized later in 1940.  Made up of medical doctors.  Many were members of other Polish resistance and underground organizations (e.g., Home Army [AK], People’s Army [AL]).  Hid and protected Jews, aided ghetto Jews, issued counterfeit documents.  The Committee issued underground paper, Abecadlo Lekarskie (Medical ABC). 

The paper strongly opposed the treatment of Jews by the German occupiers.  An article in the newsletter stated:

“Enlightened Poles and Jews ought to see in each other allies in the fight against their common enemy.  The medical community in particular ought to oppose the harmful anti-Jewish propaganda which is trying to base its dirty political and financial interests on scientific medical data.  All racism and its inhuman methods must be alien to the doctor, whose fundamental duty is to come to the aid of his fellow-men, regardless of race or nationality.  The doctor must see above all the human being in every suffering and sick person.”  (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 114)

The next issue had an obituary for Dr. Raszeja:

“On July 21, 1942, Prof. Raszeja died like a soldier at his post.  The deceased had earned respect and recognition in the scientific community of his colleagues and patients for his activity and his devoted work for the people.  He was very popular and widely loved.  On that tragic day he had been called to a patient in the ghetto and during a consultation with a a group of Jewish doctors he was shot by the Nazi thugs.  He died the death of a doctor who had come to the aid of a humiliated and persecuted Jewish patient inside the walls of the ghetto.  In the present brutal times, his death is a shining symbol of such rare humanity which, despite the barbarous laws, bids the doctor to help every suffering being.”  (Bartoszewski, 1969, p. 114)

The founders and editors of the newsletter were:

Dr. Rostkowski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 112-114)

Dr. Rutkiewicz (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 112-114)

Dr. Stepiewski (Bartoszewski, 1969, pp. 112-114)

Emmanuel Ringelblum, founder of the Oneg Shabbat Archives, Warsaw, noted the following physicians helped Jews:

Dr. F. Kanabus

Docent Stanislaw Kapuscinski*, perished in Auschwitz death camp

Dr. Ignacy Olesinski

Dr. Swital

Dr. Szalecka-Wojtowicz

Dr. Aleksandra Rowinska

Dr. Tadeusz Badniak

Cooperating physicians, medical students and nurses:

Dr. Kazimierz Bacia

Dr. Jadwiga Balicka

Dr. Jan Barcz

Dr. Franciszek Bohdarynski

Dr. Helena Budzilewicz

Dr. Wilhelm Czarnocki

Dr. Edward Czuprynski

Dr. Irena Fedorowicz

Dr. Józef Gackowski

Dr. Klemens Goerner

Dr. Jerzy Gromkowski

Dr. Felicjan Guda-Wolkowinski

Dr. Maksymilian Hirsz

Dr. Jerzy Hruzewicz

Dr. Feliks Kaczanowski

Dr. Feliks Kanabus

Dr. Irena Kanabus

Dr. Stanislaw Kapuscinski*

Dr. Tadeusz Kaszubski

Dr. Eugeniusz Kadzialkiewicz

Dr. Janina Krajewska

Dr. Józef Kubiak

Dr. Antoni Landy

Dr. Franciszek Litwin

Dr. Leon Manteuffel

Dr. Jadwiga Pagowska-Wawrzynska

Dr. Henryk Pobozy

Dr. Stanislaw Popowski

Dr. Jan Przedborski

Dr. Ludwik Rostkowski

Dr. Karol Rumeld

Dr. Jan Rutkiewicz

Dr. Malgorzata Serini-Bulska

Dr. Halina Slomczynska

Dr. Tadeusz Stepniewski

Dr. Agnieszka Stolyhwo-Suchanek

Dr. Jerzy Suchanek

Dr. Wladyslaw Szenajch

Dr. Jerzy Szulc

Dr. Zygmunt Szymanowski

Dr. Ludwika Tarlowska

Dr. Alina Tetmajer

Dr. Stanislaw Trawinski

Dr. Andrzej Trojanowski

Dr. Stanislaw Trojanowski

Dr. Jan Trzebinski

Dr. Zofia Tyszka

Dr. Maria Werkenthin

Dr. Maria Wideman

Dr. Feliks Widy-Wirski

Dr. Wojciech Wiechno

Dr. Jan Wolanski

Dr. Helena Wolf

Dr. Marian Zachert

Tadeusz Deduchowski, medical student

Miroslaw Krajewski, medical student

Henryk Krzyminski, medical student

Aleksander Majda, medical student

Ewa Matuszewska, medical student

Ludwik Rostkowski, Jr., medical student

Hanna Burakiewicz, nurse

Zofia Krynska, nurse

Maria Pagowska, nurse

Janina Rostkowska, nurse

J. Romanowska, nurse

Natalia Rutkiewicz, nurse

Maria Zachert, nurse


“Dr. Joy’s Committee,” see Committee on Special Refugee Problems, Humanitarian, Non-Sectarian, International


Domus Medica

Doctors from the organization Domus Medica provided money for Lyngby Line.  (Bertelsen, 1954, p. 75)


Don Bosco Order (Gutman, 2004)

Catholic religious order founded by Father Don Bosco in Italy in the Nineteenth Century.  Its members hid and sheltered young Jews in Belgium during the German occupation.


Douvaine Escape Network, Village of Douvaine, France, near Swiss border, Southern France, see also CIMADE

Rescue network in Southern France near the Swiss border.  Helped hundreds of Jews escape France to Switzerland.

Father Figuet+ (Gutman)

Father Jean-Joseph Rosay●+*, leader (Gutman, 2003, p. 337)

Joseph Lançon●+* (Gutman, 2003, p. 337)

Thérèse (Neury) Lançon●+ (Gutman, 2003, p. 337)

François Perillat●+* (Gutman, 2003, p. 337)


Douwes Rescue Network, Nieuwland, Drenth, The Netherlands; 200 residents in Nieuwland honored by title of Righteous (Yad Vashem Archives YV M31/56, DeJong, Het Koninkrijk, VII, 443 NIOD Doc II 364c. LO-BO4 (Dagboek van Arnold Douwes, 7 USHMM RG 50.012.021 Arnold Dowes and Siene Otten; Gutman, 1990, pp. 401-402; Gutman, 2004)

Smuggled 200 Dutch Jews from Amsterdam to Drenth.  Hid and sheltered them from German authorities.

Arnold Douwes● (b. 1906), leader after June 1943

Johannes Post+*, founder of rescue network, arrested and executed

Max Leons (Jewish), “Nico,” leader


Dutch Consulate, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania, 1940-1941, see the Netherlands, Consulate, Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania


Dutch-Paris Rescue Network/Underground, The Netherlands, France, Belgium, Spain & Switzerland (affiliated with Seventh Day Adventist; De Jong, Het Koninkrijk, VII/s, pp. 894-895, IX/I pp. 543, 549, 552-554; Ford, 1999, pp. 45-49, 60, 68-69, 75, 139-150; Gutman, 1990; Gutman, 2004; Moore, 2010, pp. 58-64, 70, 315)

Johan Hendrik Weidner●+†, founder, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2004)

Gabrielle Weidner+ (sister; Gutman, 2004)

Father John Ann de Stegge●, awarded Righteous Among the Nations title (Yad Vashem Archives; Gutman, 2004)

Council of Netherlands in Toulouse (Gutman, 2004)

Little Sisters of the Poor (Petites Soeurs des Pauvres; Gutman, 2004)

Jacques Rens+ (Gutman, 2004)

Consul Janse+, Office Néelandais, representing the Netherlands(Gutman, 2004)

Consul Herman Laatsman+, representing the Netherlands(Moore, 2010)

Suzy Kraay+ (Gutman, 2004)

Paul Veerman+ (Gutman, 2004)

Consul Arie Seventer, Offices Néerlandais, representing the Netherlands(Gutman, 2004)

Solomon (Sally) Noach (Jewish; Gutman, 2004)

Dr. Gabriel Nahas, MD+ (Gutman, 2004)

Aarts+ (Dutchman), Offices Néerlandais (Gutman, 2004)

Staff Seventh Day Adventist College, Colognes (Gutman, 2004)

B. M. (Benno) Nijkerk (Bolle-Groep; Jewish; Gutman, 2004)

Anne McLaine (Moore, 2010, p. 315)

Frits Iordens (Moore, 2010, p. 315)