Help from Outside Denmark
Swedish Civilians/Resistance who Aided or Saved Danish Jews
Ole Helweg, Sailor, Henril Line. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 335-344)
Brent Kalby. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 335, 342)
Erich Marx, Boat Captain, Henril Line. (Yahil, 1969, pp 34, 339-342)
Lt. Staermose, Naval Lieutennant, Henril Line. (Yahil, 1969, pp 340, 342)
Swedish Government Officials who Saved Danish Jews
King Carl Gustav V of Sweden
King Gustav V of Sweden sent a firm message protesting the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy. This note, along with protests by the British and American governments, contributed to Horthy’s decision to stop the deportations in July 1944. Gustav V of Sweden personally approved Raoul Wallenberg’s mission to Budapest.
[Kirchhoff, Hans. 1999a. “Doing All That Can Be Done – the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Persecution of the Jews in Denmark in October 1943: A Study in Humanitarian Aid and Realpolitik.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 pp 1-43. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998).]
Prince Carl of Sweden, Head of the Swedish Red Cross
[Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 60, 203-205. Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Koblik, 1988, pp. 60, 203-205; Persson, 2009, p. 78.]
Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden
Swedish Prime Minister per Albin Hansson was initially reluctant to help Jews fleeing the Nazi onslaught. He was concerned about violating Swedish neutrality and causing a German invasion. Hansson had a change of heart after 1940 and allowed thousands of Jewish and other refugees to enter their country. Thousands of Jews from Finland, Norway and Denmark were given safe refuge. Hansson further agreed to accept Jewish refugees from Denmark during the German action of October 1943. At that time, Hansson met with German diplomat Georg Duckwitz to make these arrangements.
The Swedish government also encouraged diplomats throughout Europe to provide protection in the form of protective papers, visas and documents.
Hansson and the Swedish foreign ministry agreed to empower Swedish diplomats in Budapest to rescue Jews in 1944-45.
[Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 151, 329. Kirchhoff, Hans. 1999a. “Doing All That Can Be Done – the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Persecution of the Jews in Denmark in October 1943: A Study in Humanitarian Aid and Realpolitik.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 pp 1-43. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998).]
Erik Boheman, Swedish Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Swedish Envoy to Paris
Erik Boheman, Swedish Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Swedish envoy to Paris
[Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Favez, 1995, pp. 260-272; Hadenius, 2007; Hewins, 1950; Marton, 1996; Persson, 2009, pp. 76, 140, 230-232, 338, 240, 251-252; Yahil, 1967, pp. 181-220]
Bostrom, Swedish Minister to Washington, DC, USA
[Persson, 2009]
Torstan Brandel, Secretary, Swedish Legation, Berlin, Germany
[Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Persson, 2009, pp. 77, 91, 96, 102, 108, 124, 142, 167, 186, 205, 253, 255]
Niel E Ekblad, Swedish Consul Denmark
[Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998).]
Christian Ernst Guenther, Swedish Foreign Minister
In the autumn of 1943, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs Christian Guenther negotiated for the release of Danish and Norwegian prisoners held in German camps. This eventually led to the release of thousands of prisoners to the Swedish Red Cross under the supervision of Folke Bernadotte in March and April 1945.
[Yahil, 1969, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 321, 329-330, 337-338, 341, 344, 354. Kirchhoff, Hans. 1999a. “Doing All That Can Be Done – the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Persecution of the Jews in Denmark in October 1943: A Study in Humanitarian Aid and Realpolitik.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 pp 1-43. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998). Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Persson, 2009, pp. 64, 66-68, 72, 75-76, 82, 97, 144-14, 160-161, 178, 202, 204, 222-223, 225-226, 242, 251-252, 255; Friedman, Philip. Their Brothers’ Keepers: The Christian Heroes and Heroines Who Helped the Oppressed Escape the Nazi Terror. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1978), pp. 171-172. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998), pp. 115, 145, 163, 167, 181, 185, 217, 220, 222, 224, 226, 234-241, 249. Yahil, L. “Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 196, 201-202.]
Gösta Engzell, Head of Legal Division of the Swedish Foreign Office, Stockholm, Sweden, World War II
Gösta Engzell headed the Legal Division of the Swedish Foreign Office throughout the war. He was the individual most responsible for the positive switch in the Swedish government’s official policy and response to the murder of European Jews. He convinced the Swedish government to help Jews in Nazi controlled territories. He empowered diplomats in Norway, Denmark and later in Budapest. He was responsible for empowering Swedish diplomats Carl Ivan Danielsson and Per Anger to issue Swedish protective papers to Budapest Jews. By the end of the war, Swedish action on behalf of Jews in Europe, almost always initiated or supported by Engzell and his staff, contributed to the rescue and relief of 30,000-40,000 Jews.
[Yahil, 1969, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), p. 509n. Kirchhoff, Hans. 1999a. “Doing All That Can Be Done – the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Persecution of the Jews in Denmark in October 1943: A Study in Humanitarian Aid and Realpolitik.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 pp 1-43. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998). Levine, P.A., p. 212, in Cesarani, D., & Levine, P.A., 2002. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998), pp. 115-116, 126, 132, 134, 138, 154-155, 159-162, 169, 171, 174, 176-177, 181-185, 213, 216, 223, 226, 232-234, 241-243, 249-252, 259-276. Yahil, L. “Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 216-217. Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 170, 176, 203, 206-207, 217, 238, 248-251, 290-293. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 267-268, 273-275, 279-280, 288. Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhol0m; Persson, 2009, pp. 29, 55, 63, 65, 83, 142-143, 159-160, 186, 195; Favez, 1995, pp. 260-272; Hadenius, 2007; Hewins, 1950; Marton, 1996; Persson, 2009, pp. 29, 55, 63, 65, 83, 142-143, 159-160, 186, 195; Yahil, 1967, pp. 181-220.]
Gustaf von Dardel, Swedish Ambassador to Denmark, 1943
See Diplomats who Saved Jews in Denmark.
[Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998).]
Count Folke Bernadotte, Swedish Red Cross, “Bernadotte Society German Detachment, 1945,” Germany, April-May 1945 (“White Busses”)
Count Folke Bernadotte (1895-1948) was Vice President of the Swedish Red Cross in Germany in 1945. He was nephew to King Gustav V of Sweden. In the spring of 1945, Bernadotte negotiated with SS commander Heinrich Himmler for the release of thousands of people held in Nazi concentration camps. These included over 400 Danish Jews imprisoned in Theresienstadt. Later, he negotiated and arranged for the release of 10,0000 women from the Ravensbrück and Bergen Belsen concentration camps. He arranged for special busses, converted to ambulances, known as the “white busses,” to take them from the camps.
A special hospital convoy comprised of one hundred vehicles, including 36 ambulance basses and 308 personnel, mostly Swedish Armed Forces, volunteered for the mission. The mission was paid for by the Swedish government.
They were eventually transported safely to Sweden. Bernadotte wrote about his wartime activities in a book entitled, The Curtain Falls. In 1948, he was appointed to the position of Mediator for the Security Council of the United Nations in Palestine. Bernadotte negotiated a temporary truce between Arab and Jewish armies. He was assassinated by the Jewish underground on September 17, 1948, while serving in this position. After the war, the Israeli government apologized to his family.
According to post-war documents, between 19,000 and 21,000 internees were transported to Sweden. The breakdown was: Danes and Norwegians: 8,000; Poles: 5,911; French: 2,629; stateless Jews: 1,615; Germans: 1,124; Belgians: 632; Dutch: 387; Hungarians: 290; Balts: 191; Luxemburgers: 79; Slovakians: 28; British: 14; Americans: 9; Rumanians: 6; Finns: 5; Italians: 4; Spaniards: 3; others: 9.
Thousands of these prisoners were Jewish. 423 Danish Jews were rescued from Theresienstadt. Approximately 3,500 of those who were liberated were Jewish women at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Many of these Jewish women said they would not have survived the war had they not been liberated at that time.
[Bernadotte, Folke, Count. The Fall of the Curtain: Last Days of the Third Reich. (London: Cassell, 1945). Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden, 1998). Marton, Kati. A Death in Jerusalem. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1996). Favez, Jean-Claude. Edited and translated by John and Beryl Fletcher. The Red Cross and the Holocaust. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 238, 262, 265, 278. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 205-206, 1233, 1439-1440. Yahil, 1969, L. “Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 182, 195, 198-219. Marton, Kati. A Death in Jerusalem. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1996). Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 39, 76-78, 121-135, 137, 139, 162-164, 277-280, 283-290. Penkower, Monty Noam. The Jews Were Expendable: Free World diplomacy and the Holocaust. (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1983), pp. 238, 269-280. Zariz, Ruth. “Officially Approved Emigration from Germany after 1941: A Case Study.” Yad Vashem Studies, 18 (1987), pp. 280-281. Levin, Nora. The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1968), pp. 702-703, 706-708, 744. Hindley, Meredith. “Negotiating the boundary of unconditional surrender: The War Refugee Board in Sweden and Nazi proposals to ransom Jews, 1944-1945.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 10 (1996), 52-77. Yahil, 1969, L. “The historiography of the refugee problem and of rescue efforts in the neutral countries.” In Yisrael Gutman and Gideon Greif (Eds.). The Historiography of the Holocaust Period: Proceedings of the Fifth Yad Vashem International Historical Conference, Jerusalem, March 1983, pp. 513-533. Yahil, 1969, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 315, 316, 371. Swedish Foreign Ministry Records, Stockholm, Sweden; Danish Foreign Ministry Records, Copenhagen, Denmark; Swedish Red Cross archives, Stockholm, Sweden; International Committee for the Red Cross archives, Geneva, Switzerland; Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Project, USC, Los Angeles, California, Gloria Lyon oral history; Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Haestrup, Jörgen, Til landets bedste. Hovedtraek af departementschefsstyrets virke 1943-1945 [For the Good of the Country: The Main Features of the Deparmtmental Heads’ Work 1943-1945], bind I-II,Odense, 1966, Copenhagen, 1971; Departmental Head H. H. Koch, Socialministeriet under Besaettelsen [The Ministry of Social Affairs under Occupation], original manuscript at Finn Nielsen’s private archive,dossier 1, DRA; Barfod, Jörgen H., Helvede har mange navne [Hell Has Many Names], Copenhagen, 2nd Edition, 1955, pp. 29-39; Sode-Madsen, Hans, Redeet fra Hitlers Helvede. Danmark og de Hvide Busser 1941-45 [Rescued from Hitler’s Hell on Earth: Denmark and the White Buses 1941-1945], Copenhagen, 2005.]
Svante Hellstedt, Assistant to Gösta Engzell
[Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Persson, 2009, pp. 63, 66]
Gustav Möller, Swedish Minister for Social Affairs
[Yahil, 1969, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 334-335. Kirchhoff, Hans. 1999a. “Doing All That Can Be Done – the Swedish Foreign Ministry and the Persecution of the Jews in Denmark in October 1943: A Study in Humanitarian Aid and Realpolitik.” Scandinavian Journal of History 24 pp 1-43. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998).]
Lennart Nylander, Legation Counsellor, Swedish Legation, Berlin, Germany
[Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Persson, 2009, p. 77, 83, 253]
Dr. Rennau, German Liason Officer, Bernadotte Mission HQ Friedrichsruh
Swedish Red Cross head Dr. Rennau worked as liaison officer at Count Folk Bernadotte Headquarters in Friedrichstuh. He worked closely with Dr. Johnnes Holm the medical officer of the Danish Legation in Berlin, Germany together they were able to negotiate the release and repatriation to Denmark Jewish prisoners in the German concentration camp Theresienstadt in Prague, Czechoslovakia. See Dr. Johannes Holm entry p. x
Arvid Richert, Swedish Minister in Berlin, Germany, October 1943
Arvid Richert was the Swedish Minister in Berlin in October 1943. In response to the proposed deportation of Danish Jews in October 1943, Richert submitted an official proposal to the German Foreign Ministry that would place Danish Jews as refugees in camps in Sweden. The Germans never answered the proposal. The Swedish government announced that it would accept Danish Jewish refugees. Soon, 9,000 Danish Christians and 7,000 Danish Jews reached Sweden. Later, 100 Finnish Jews were brought to Sweden.
[Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939-1945. (New York: The Beechhurst Press, 1953), pp. 350-351. Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998), pp. 115-118, 124, 129-130, 138-139, 151-154, 157, 159-160, 166, 171, 175-179, 182-183, 215-216, 218, 223, 235-246. Yahil, L. “Scandinavian Countries to the Rescue of Concentration Camp Prisoners.” Yad Vashem Studies, 6 (1967), pp. 185, 187, 191, 194, 196. Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 22, 57-60, 65, 122-126, 132, 143-147, 154, 157, 161, 174-176, 185-190, 195-197, 199-203, 219-220, 270, 273-281. Yahil, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 329-331. Gutman, Yisrael (Ed.). Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 4 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 1438. Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Persson, 2009, pp. 55-56, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69-70, 75-77, 79, 81-82, 96-97, 108-109, 152, 167, 177-178, 189-190, 190-191, 251-252.]
Erik von Post, head of the Political Department, Swedish Foreign Ministry
[Levine, Paul A. From Indifference to Activism: Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: 1938-1944. (Uppsala, Sweden: 1998), pp. 116, 139, 144, 149-153, 177, 218, 222, 227, 252-253. Koblik, Steven. The Stones Cry Out: Sweden’s Response to the Persecution of the Jews, 1933-1945. (New York: Holocaust Library, 1988), pp. 58, 128-132, 145, 199, 202, 206-207, 270-274, 278-280. Swedish Foreign Office, The Swedish Relief Expedition to Germany 1945: Prelude and Negotiations [Stockholm, 1956], White Book, 1956; Swedish Foreign Office Archives [UDA], Stockhom; Persson, 2009, pp. 36, 43, 55, 57, 65, 75-76, 88, 96-97, 108, 195, 231, 233-236, 238, 252.]
Jewish Individuals Who Worked to Save Danish Jews in Sweden
Mr. Arnheim, Secretary, Stockholm Jewish Community. (Yahil, 1969, p. 504 Fn 53)
Karl Berman, Malmo, Sweden, Swedish Philanthropist. Helped Jewish refugees and underground. (Yahil, 1969, p. 510 FN 118)
Rabbi Marcus Mordechai Ehrenpreis. Rabbi Marcus Mordechai Ehrenpreis was the Chief Rabbi of Sweden. He was head of a Jewish rescue committee that lobbied the Swedish government for the protection of Jews. He also raised funds for the maintenance of Jewish refugees in Sweden from Norway, Denmark and other countries. ([Marcus Melchior, A Rabbi Remembers (New York: Lyle Stuart, 1968). Yahil 17, 63, 91, 202, 207, 363-365, 372, 375, 377-381, 392.)
Emil Gluck, Veterinary Surgeon. Obtained numerous entry visas to Sweden for Jewish refugees from Denmark. Brother in law of Benjamin Slor. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 22, 505 Fn 53)
Fritz Hollander, Committee of Cooperation. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 335-336, 341-342, 351-352, 390)
Professor Stephan Hurwitz, Danish Refugee Office, Stockholm, Sweden. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 247-248, 216; Yad Vashem testimony, Staffeldt 027/13)
Gunnar Josephson, Chairman, Jewish Community, Sweden. (Yahil, 1969, p. 336)
Mr. Köpniwsky, Secretary, Stockholm Jewish Community. (Yahil, 1969, p. 504 Fn 53)
Norbert Masur. Norbert Masur was the World Jewish Congress representative in Stockholm, Sweden. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 336-343, 346, 349, 351-352, 374, 377, 390)
Ivar Philipson (Sweden), Lawyer, Rescue Leader. Philipson was a Jewish lawyer who acted as a liaison between the Danish underground and the Swedish government. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 336-343, 346, 349, 351-352, 374, 377, 390)
Jørgen Polack. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 336, 350, 374)
S. Adler Rudel, Jewish Agency for Palestine, European Representative, London, England. Jewish Agency for Palestine European representative, London, Sweden. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 25, 234, 235, 295, 306, 309, 312, 334-335)
Hugo Valetine, Chairman, Zionist Federation, Stockholm, Sweden. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 23, 504 Fn 53)
German Officials who Aided Jews in Denmark
Heinrich Bertram, Captain of the Ship Monte Rosa. (Werner, 2002, p. 160; Putnik, p. 131)
Corvettenkapitän Richard Camman, German Navy, Harbormaster, Copenhagen, Denmark, April 1940-February 1945. Corvettenkapitän was a friend of German diplomatic trade representative George E. Duckwitz. In April 1940 Camman, a German Naval officer, was posted as harbor minister in Copenhagen. During the deportation actions of October 1943 Camman intentionally put patrol boats in dry dock ‘for repair.’ This actively prevented the German vessels from stopping the Danish rescue efforts.
In his memoirs G.F. Duckwitz wrote about Richard Camman. “It is a tribute to the German Navy that I succeeded to at least lessen the dreadful consequences of the planned action, since I could no longer prevent it. I reasoned that the police forces would not be able to patrol the Danish coast on land and sea to stop any illegal crossings. The danger that German naval units would have to take over this job was prevented by the German harbor commander of Copenhagen. [Camman] saw to it that the coast guard ships were out of action. He took great personal risk, but he did so without hesitation.” (Richard Camman, biography (Berlin: Die Deutsche Bundesstelle für die Benachrichtugung der nächsten Angehörigen con Gefallenen der ehemaligen deutschen Wermacht, 2000).; Duckwitz autobiography; Goldberg, pp. 38-39. Werner 37-38. Kriegstagebuch der Kriegsmarinediensstelle Kopenhagen. Zweigstelle Aarhus bzw. Der Seetransportstelle Aarhus. 7.Oktober-31. Dezember 1943 (Freiburg im Breisgau: Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv; and Copenhagen Rigsarkivet, Sp. 9.7222).)
Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, Trade Attaché, German Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark. See Diplomats who Aided or Saved Jews in Denmark.
Werner Von Grundherr, Head Northern Department. Supported Werner Best attempt to cancel the deportation of Jews in Denmark in October 1943. (Hilberg 289 N 352, 357, 707; Yahil, 1969, pp. 56,71, 72, 99, 101, 118, 296, 401-405, 453 Fn 54)
Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant Commander) Friedrich Wilhelm Lubke, Chief of Sea Transport Harbormaster, Aarhus, Denmark. Lubke was a Naval Reserve officer of the German Navy. He was posted as Harbor Commander in the Danish port of Aahus in 1942. He was told to prepare a hospital ship under his command the Monte Rosa to be used to deport Jews in October 1943. He and the ships captain Heinrich Bentham told the authorities the ship engines were damaged. The ship was not used for the planned action. In addition Lubke warned sympathetic Danish friends about the upcoming action. (Duckwitz; Goldberger, 1987, pp. 38-39; Friedrich Lübke, biography [Berlin: Die Deutsche Bundesstelle für die Benachrichtigung der nächsten Angehörigen con Gefallenen der ehemaligen deutschen Wermacht, 2001])
Cecil von Renthe-Fink, German Ambassador (minister) to Denmark, 1940-1942. (Hilberg 1961, pp. 353, 357, 358; Yahil, Leni, The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), pp. 31, 42, 45, 51-61, 64-76, 89, 197-200.)
Dr. Riensberg, German Shipping Attaché stationed in Stockholm, Sweden, 1943. Dr. Riensberg was the German shipping attaché stationed in Stockholm, Sweden. He worked closely with Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz, the German shipping attaché stationed in Copenhagen, in the rescue of Danish Jews. They worked out a secret code that would allow them to communicate regarding the rescue action of October 1943. This arrangement would expedite the rescue efforts and inform Duckwitz if the Jewish refugees arrived safely in Stockholm. (Duckwitz, Georg Ferdinand. Die geplannte Aktion gegen die dänischen Juden und ihre Verhinderung. (Copenhagen: Rigsarkivet, Duckwitz Archives, 1957; and Jerusalem: Yad Vashem Archives File #027/13). Duckwitz, Georg Ferdinand. Die Aktion gegen die dänischen Juden im Herbst 1943—Plan und Durchführing. (Copenhagen: Rigsarkivet, Duckwitz Archives, 1964). Yahil, 1969, Leni. The Rescue of Danish Jewry: Test of a Democracy.(Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1969), p. 151.)
German Harbor Commanders of Copenhagen and Aahus, Denmark. (Goldberger, Leo. The Rescue of Danish Jews: Moral Courage Under Stress. (New York: New York University Press, 1987), p. 37.)
German Officials who Tried to Prevent the Deportation
George Ferdinand Duckwitz, Trade Attaché. See Diplomats who Saved Jews in Denmark.
Lt. General Herman von Hanneken, Commander of German Armed Forces, Denmark, 1942-1945. (Hilberg, 1961, pp. 55, 72N, 357, 359, 360, 592; Yahil, 1969, pp. 74, 118, 120, 125, 130, 131-133, 136, 140, 144, 153-157, 164-168, 177, 188, 193)
Karl Heinz Hoffman, Gestapo Agent. Arrived in Denmark September 14, 1943. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 145, 171, 172, 466 Fn 129)
Paul Ernst Kanstein, Civil Director, German Occupation Forces, Denmark. Strongly opposed deportation, warned Jews. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 72, 73, 75, 127, 152-154, 173, 181, 417, 475 Fn 106)
Dr. Rudolph Mildner, SS Chief, Gestapo. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 128, 129, 145, 151-153, 168, 172, 189, 195, 297, 305)
O. van Scherpenberg, Head, German Economic Mission, Denmark. Against deportations. (Yahil, 1969, pp. 179-180, 479 Fn 102)